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2012 考研英语一真题及答案
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank
and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise
precious to health.” But1some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has
little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in
the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen
consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is
unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
6 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter
apparently accomplishes the 7 . Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate
that laughter 8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after
the laugh dies down.
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological
stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of
10 feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state. 11 one classical
theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It
was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they
are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow
15 muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social
psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked
volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth – thereby creating an
artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression.
Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to
funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19
that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way
around. 20 , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
1.[A] among [B] except [C] despite [D] like
2.[A] reflect [B] demand [C] indicate [D] produce
3.[A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining
4.[A] transmit [B] sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe
5.[A] measurable [B] manageable [C] affordable [D] renewable
6.[A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief
7.[A] opposite [B] impossible [C] average [D] expected
8.[A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D] relaxes
9.[A] aggravate [B] generate [C] moderate [D] enhance
10.[A] physical [B] mental [C] subconscious [D] internal
11.[A] Except for [B] According to [C] Due to [D] As for
12.[A] with [B] on [C] in [D] at
13.[A] unless [B] until [C] if [D] because
14.[A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] suppresses
15.[A] into [B] from [C] towards [D] beyond
16.[A] fetch [B] bite [C] pick [D] hold
17.[A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent
18.[A] adapted [B] catered [C] turned [D] reacted
19.[A] suggesting [B] requiring [C] mentioning [D] supposing
20.[A] Eventually [B] Consequently [C] Similarly [D] Conversely
Section I Use of English
1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.A
18.D 19.A 20.C
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by
choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next
music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the
sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the
response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote
Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is
that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had
advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious
musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description
of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by
musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have
struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.
For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a
good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting
compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or
anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to
my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music
from iTunes.
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live
performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the
art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera
houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the
recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20thcentury.
These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much
higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can
be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread
availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution
of the traditional classical concert.
One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new
music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music
has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him
as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly
different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that
difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If
Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the
relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it
hopes to attract.
21. We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilbert’s appointment has
[A] incurred criticism. [B] raised suspicion. [C] received acclaim. [D] aroused
curiosity.
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is
[A] influential. [B] modest. [C] respectable. [D] talented.
23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers
[A] ignore the expenses of live performances. [B] reject most kinds of
recorded performances.
[C] exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D] overestimate the value of
live performances.
24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?
[A] They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.
[B] They are easily accessible to the general public.
[C] They help improve the quality of music.
[D] They have only covered masterpieces.
25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels
[A] doubtful. [B] enthusiastic. [C] confident. [D] puzzled.
Text 2
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his
explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the
usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue
my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much
my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time
with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO
and chairman on September 29.
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on
what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the
outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks
the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation
that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans
in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also
may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior
managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more
willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was
down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they
had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities
will abound for aspiring leaders.
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is
unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the
rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be
poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I can’t think of a
single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting
CEOs first.”
Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions
quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade ago, saying she
wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internetbased commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with
ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution
three years later.
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial
crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.
“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been
fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt
the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”
26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described
as being
[A] arrogant. [B] frank. [C] self-centered. [D] impulsive.
27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by
[A] their expectation of better financial status.
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