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2011 考研英语二真题及答案
Section IUse of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered
black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and
freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of
cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that
seems increasingly 3 ?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal
government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity”
system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a
photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card,
or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users
at a range of online services.
The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User
could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities
have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach
contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license
10 by
the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these
“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but
use many different services.
12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with
safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13
community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals
and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the
identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the
transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some
applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a
scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet
“drive’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security
experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt
would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users
should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that
drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
1. A. swept
B. skipped
C. walked
D. ridden
2. A. for
B. within
3. A. careless
B. lawless
4. A. reason
B. reminder
5. A. information
equivalent
6. A. by
B. into
7. A. linked
B. directed
8. A. dismiss
B. discover
9. A. recall
B. suggest
10. A. released B. issued
11. A. carry on B .linger on
12. A. In vain
B. In effect
13. A. trusted
B. modernized
14. A. caution
B. delight
15. A. on
B. after
16. A. divided
B. disappointed
17. A. frequently
eventually
18. A. skepticism
enthusiasm
19. A. manageable
invisible
20. A. invited
B. appointed
C.
C.
C.
B.
while
pointless
compromise
interference
D. though
D. helpless
D. proposal
C. entertainment
D.
C. from
C. chained
C. create
C. select
C. distributed
C. set in
C. In return
c. thriving
C. confidence
C. beyond
C. protected
B. incidentally
D. over
D. compared
D. improve
D. realize
D. delivered
D. log in
D. In contrast
D. competing
D. patience
D. across
D. united
C. occasionally
B. relevance
C. indifference D.
B. defendable
C. vulnerable
C. allowed
D. forced
D.
D.
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text
by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
(40points)
Text1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in
January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the
rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting
much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for
having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let
those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year
Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much
time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased,
advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations
elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the
chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside
directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own
crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more
than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and
2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy
statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age,
so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by
directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the
probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings
increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal classaction lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The
effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between
them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it
does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship.
Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more
stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of
avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news
breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time
any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors
through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside
directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on
campus.
21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for
.
[A]gaining excessive profits
[B]failing to fulfill her duty
[C]refusing to make compromises
[D]leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be
.
[A]generous investors
[B]unbiased executives
[C]share price forecasters
[D]independent advisers
23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside
director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to
.
[A]become more stable
[B]report increased earnings
[C]do less well in the stock market
[D]perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors
.
[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm
[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm
[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
[D]will decline incentives from the firm
25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is
.
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text2
Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end
seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and
readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San
Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade
commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should
they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will
hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian
papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which
inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived
but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a
few years ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing
journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that
13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for
slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to
distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones
and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier
mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long
been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came
from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic
Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not
surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but
much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are
least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and
general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.
Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a
virtue in the newspaper business.
26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the
author indicates that newspaper
.
[A]neglected the sign of crisis
[B]failed to get state subsidies
[C]were not charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably
because
.
[A]readers threatened to pay less
[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C]journalists reported little about these areas
[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products
28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are
much more stable because they
.
[A]have more sources of revenue
[B]have more balanced newsrooms
[C]are less dependent on advertising
[D]are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current
newspaper business?
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.
[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this text would be
.
[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival
[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind
[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business
[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story
Text3
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a
time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions,
going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a
belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war,
Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination
with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing
positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient
living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German,
the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with
the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World
War II
and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers
came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but
none more so that Mies.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized,
has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from
abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and
laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the
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