解放军文职招聘考试 英语国家概况试题库

                            英语国家概况试题库
I. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (10%)
1. The Constitution of the United States was framed in Philadelphia in _________.
  A. 1776    B. 1783    C. 1787     D. 1620
2. In the United States, the Department of ______ advises the President on foreign relations.
  A. Defense    B. State    C. Commerce    D. Labor
3. Representatives in the Unites States are elected _________.
  A. annually    B. every two years    C. every three years    D. every four years
4. Which of the following has the power to make federal laws and levy federal taxes?
  A. The executive    B. The legislative    C. The judicial    D. The president
5. The New Deal was started by ________.
  A. Franklin D. Roosevelt    B. J. F. Kennedy   
C. George Washington    D. Thomas Jefferson
6. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the three basic religious beliefs?
  A. Protestantism    B. Catholicism    C. Islam    D. Judaism
7. Which of the following is NOT a power of the President in the U.S.?
  A. To veto the bills passed by the Congress  
B. To appoint federal judges when vacancies occur
C. To propose legislation to the Congress
D. To make laws
8. The first Catholic President in the U.S. was _______.
  A. John F. Kennedy    B. George Washington   
C. Abraham Lincoln    D. George W. Bush
9. Due to his firm belief in non-violent peaceful protest in the spirit of India’s leader Gandhi, _______ was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.
  A. Malcolm X    B. John F. Kennedy 
C. Martin Luther King, Jr.    D. James Farmer
10. In 1972, U.S. President _____ made a trip to China to improve relations with the People’s Republic of China.
  A. Carter    B. Truman    C. Bush    D. Nixon
11. ________ were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.
  A. The Anglo-Saxons    B. The Normans    
C. The Danish Vikings    D. The Romans
12. ________ is the smallest of the four parts of Great Britain.
  A. England    B. Wales    C. Scotland    D. Northern Ireland
13. All of the following are major national parties in Great Britain except ________.
  A. the Conservative Party    B. the Labour Party 
C. the Liberal Democrats     D. the Republican Party
14. In Britain, a “vote of no confidence” is decided by _________.
  A. the House of Commons    B. the House of Lords
  C. the two major parties      D. the Prime Minister
15. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to ___________.
  A. private schools    B. independent schools    C. state schools    D. public schools
16. Through the examination called “the 11 plus”, students with academic potential go to _____.
  A. grammar schools    B. comprehensive schools   
C. public schools    D. technical schools
17. Which of the following is not involved in making the foreign policy in Britain?
  A. The Queen   
B. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office
  C. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet
D. The Ministry of Defence and the Treasury
18. Which group of people CANNOT vote in the general election?
  A. Members in the House of Commons    B. Lords in the House of Lords
  C. The UK citizens above the age of 18    D. The UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic
19. Halloween is celebrated on __________.
  A. October 31st    B. November 5th    C. March 17th    D. December 25th
20. All of the following was invented in Britain except ________.
  A. football    B. tennis    C. basketball    D. cricket
II. Define terms
1. Bill of Rights in the United States
[The Bill of Rights consists of the first ten amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. It was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.]

2. Judicial review
[Judicial review refers to the power of the Supreme Court to decide whether congressional legislation or executive action violates the Constitution.]

3. The strategy of preemption in U.S. foreign policy
[It is also known as the Bush Doctrine. In an address delivered to the West Point graduates, President Bush, for the first time, put forward the strategy of preemption. By preemption, the US means that when it determines that a country which is repressive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction or has the potential to have such weapons, the US should use force to remove this threat to US security and should not wait till the danger becomes imminent or until the US is attacked.]

4. The House of Lords
[The House of Lords consists of the Lord Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.]

5. Comprehensive schools (in Britain)
[Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.]

6. Constitutional monarchy (in Britain)
[Constitutional monarchy is a monarchy in which the powers of the ruler are restricted to those granted under the constitution and laws of the nation. In Britain, the Queen is the official head of state, but her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The constitution allocates the rest of the government’s power to the legislature and judiciary.]
7. Federalism
[A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.]

8. Counterculture
[In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left, there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the counterculture. It rejected capitalism and other American principles. They had morals different from those taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life. Among the most famous were the hippies. They sought new experience through dropping out and drug taking. But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on the traditional American society. The counterculture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social morals, marriages, career and success.]

9. Affirmative Action
[It is a program that seeks to redress past discrimination through active measures to ensure equal opportunity, as in education and employment.]

10. Blues (music)
[Blues refers to a type of slow, sad music from the Southern US, from the city of New Orleans. It is derived from a blend of field chantey and spiritual – a form of hymn singing prevalent in African American Christian churches. The tradition of the vocal ballad usually accompanied by a guitar also contributed to the form of Blues. The music of the Blues has a peculiar, poignant sadness. The lyrics of the blues pieces are sardonic filled with wry, self-deprecating humor.]

11. Sep. 11 terrorist attack
[On September 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked four American passenger planes, two smashing into the World Trade Towers, one into the Pentagon, and the fourth one smashing into the fields in Pennsylvania as a result of the struggle by the passengers. 3,000 innocent lives were lost in the terrorist attacks. The whole world was shocked, and anti-terrorism became a priority on the agenda of the majority of the countries all over the world.]

12. The House of Commons
[The House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it it the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.]

13. Grammar schools
[It is a type of secondary schools in Britain. Grammar schools select children at the age of 11 through an examination called “11 plus”. Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools, which lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.]

14. Puritanism
[Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England. They believe that human beings are predestined by God before they are born. Some are God’s chosen people while others are damned to hell. Neither church nor good work can save people. The sign of being God’s elect is success in his work or prosperity in his calling. They also argue that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs have produced a great impact upon American culture.]

15. New Deal
[The New Deal refers to the domestic reform program of the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. It is generally considered to consist of two phases. In the first phase (1933—1934), attempts were made to provide recovery and relief from the Great Depression through programs of agricultural and business regulation, inflation and price stabilization. In the second phase (1935—1941), social and economic legislation was provided to benefit the mass of working people.]

 

III. Answer questions briefly.
1. What are the four basic requirements for secondary school students who want to apply for a respected university in the United States?
[Four requirements for university applicants in the United States: high school records; recommendations from high school teachers; impression during interviews by the university; scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests.]

2. Describe briefly the three-tiered national court system of the U.S.
[America federal court system consists of three levels: the Supreme Court, federal court of appeal, and federal district court.]

3. Describe the four categories of institutions which comprise the system of higher education in the United States.
[American higher education system is composed of four categories: the university which can confer bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees; the four-year undergraduate institutions; the technical training institution; and the two-year college or community college.]

4. List the roles of the monarchy in Britain today.
[The role of the monarch today is primarily a symbol of tradition and the unity of the state. Besides, she is legally the head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces, and supreme governor of the Church of England. She also acts as advisor of the Prime Minister.]

5. What factors play an important role in the contemporary foreign policy of UK?
[Answer: Contemporary foreign policy of UK is influenced mainly by three factors: its imperial history, its geopolitical traits, and its special relationship with the United States.]

6. It is said that British history has been a history of invasions. What are the major invasions?
[The major invasions in the history of Britain include the Roman invasion in 43 A.D., the invasion by the Angles and the Saxons, the invasion by the Vikings from Scandinavia, and the Norman Conquest.]

7. Illustrate the principle of checks and balances with examples.
[It is a principle of government under which separate branches are empowered to prevent actions by other branches and are induced to share power. Example of checks and balances: the president has the power to veto bills and suggest bills; the judges are appointed by the president; the Congress can impeach the president; the Supreme Court has the power to decide whether a law or directive is constitutional (judicial review).]

8. What are the major functions of British Parliament?
[The functions of British Parliament are: to pass laws; to vote for taxation; to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure; and to debate the major issues of the day.]

9. What were the major ideas in the Declaration of Independence?
[The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the philosophy of government: the power of government came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of government was to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.]

10. What are the powers of the US president?
[The president can propose legislation to Congress. He can veto any bill passed by Congress. But the veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses. The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur. He is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He has other broad authorities in running departments and handling foreign relations.]

11. What are the two major concerns of many Americans about their political system? Why?
[One concern is about the high cost of campaigning for public office, which may force candidates to spend more time raising money than dealing with important issues. The other concern is about the influence of the organized interest groups, which provide most of the money for political campaigns and thus pressurize the government officials to make policies in their favor.]

12. What are the major features of American religion?
[American religion is characterized by three major features. One is the harmonious co-existence of various religions. The second is the co-existence of strong religious beliefs and social progress. The Third is independence of church in terms of finance and building, and little concentration on doctrine or religious argument.]

IV. Comment.
1. Is American President directly elected by the people? Give reasons to support your idea.
2. Describe the procedures of American presidential election.
3. Discuss the factors which have contributed to the special relationship between Britain and the United States.
4. Comment on the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s in America.
5. Discuss the structure of British government today.
6. Discuss the racial problems between black and white in the United States.
7. How does the US Constitution divide power among the three branches of government? How do the branches check and balance each other?
8. Make a comparison and contrast between British government and American government.
9. Analyze the major principles of government in the Constitution of U.S.