论文写作指导：小议高级英语议论文的写作套路与写作实践

 1　引言 
　　 
　　大学英语专业的高级英语写作是一门重要的实践课程，是在巩固低年级阶段写作技能的基础上，进一步提高学生的英语写作技能，由句子和段落过渡到高年级阶段的整篇文章的撰写。其教学重点是从实际应用出发，教授学生如何用英语写好记叙文(Narration)、描写文(Description)、说明文(Exposition)以及议论文(Argumentation)，并在此基础上，掌握撰写毕业论文(ResearchPaper)的基本技能。(杨俊峰，1999)如何有效地在写作课上培养学生的英语写作技能呢?不同的文体有不同的要求。经过多年的教学实践，我们摸索出一套可行的方法：范文分析得套路，写作实践练技能。下面小议高级英语说明文(Exposition)以及议论文(Argumentation)的写作套路及写作实践。 
　　 
　　2　范文分析 
　　 
　　学习高级英语议论文写作应从范文分析开始。范文分析的目的就是帮助学生了解英语文章的结构，找出普遍规律，得到写作套路并进行模仿练习。请看罗素写的一篇文章： 
　　 
　　WhatIHaveLivedfor 
　　Three passions，simple but over whe lmingly strong，have govemed mylife：the longing for love，the search for knowledge，and unbearable pityfor the suffering ofmankind，These passions，like great winds，have blownmehitherandthither,inawaywardcourseoveradeepoccanofanguish，rc-aching to the very verge ofdespaff， 
　　I have Sought love，first，because it brings ecstasy-ecstasy so greatthatl would often have sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours for thisjoy，I have souught it，next，because it relieves loneliness-that terrible Ion-eliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim ofthe worldinto the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss，I have sought it，finaly becausEin the union oflove I have seen，in a mystic miniature，the prefiguring visionof the heaven that saints and poets have imagined，Thisis whatI Sought，andthough it might seem too good for human life，this is what-at last-havefound， 
　　With equal passion I have sought knowledge，I have wished to under-stand the hearts ofmen，I have wished t6 know why the stars shine，And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux，A little ofthis，but not much，I have achieved， 
　　Love and knowledge，so far as they were possible，led upward towardthe heavens，But always pity brought me back t0 earth，Echoes of cries of pare reverberate in my hcart，Children in famine，victims tortured by op-pressors，helpless old people a hated burden to their sons，and the wholeworld of loneliness，poveng and pain make a mockery ofwhat human lifeshould be，I long to alleviate the evil，but I cannot，and I too suffer， 
　　This has been my life，I have found it worth living，and would gladiylive it again ifthe chance were offered me， 
　　罗素的这篇文章，共5个自然段。据整篇文章的意思，全文可分为三部分：第一部分开头部分(Introduction)为第1自然段，作者开宗明义地提出：What I Have Lived for的三个方面："Three passions have gov-emed my life：the longing for love，the search for knowledge，and unbearablepity for the suffering ofmankind"，即文章的论点(thesis statement )。第二部分发展部分(Bedy Paragraphs)为第2-4自然段，每一段论述一个方面：第2段论述"the longing for love"；第3段论述"the search forknowledge"；第4段论述"unbearable pity for the suffering ofmankind"。第三部分结尾部分(Concludingparagraph)为第5段，得出结论："Thishas been my life，I have found it worth living，and would gladly live it againif the chancewere offeredme。"