2021军队职称英语考试指导：卫生类C级课堂笔记第2讲

阅读判断出题特点：
以2002年和2003年卫生C阅读判断题的出题特点进行比较：
2002年阅读判断题：Nurses
2003年阅读判断题：A Pay Rise or Not?
Attached materials:
From A Pay Rise or Not?
“Unless I get a rise,I’ll have a talk with the boss,Henry Manley,”George Strong said to himself.
小结：在阅读判断题部分卫生C的考题通常都与医疗健康相关，文章语言难度略低于阅读理解题部分，文章通常选取的是职称英语用书外的文章，主题较容易理解。
?阅读判断题型介绍：
阅读判断是一篇长度为300-450词的短文的阅读文章。阅读判断题实际上是要求考生确认和判断所给文章中的一些事实，并能根据文章中的某些句子进行归纳和推断。阅读判断题型是阅读理解题的一种“变形”：从问题所涉及到的范围来说，这两种题型实际上是一样的--都是或属于关于文章主题方面的问题，或涉及到文章中具体细节的查找，确认和判断。但因为这两种题型的问题表现形式不同：阅读理解是以提问--找答案的形式出现，而阅读判断要求考生判断问题句说法“正确”，“错误”或“没提到”，所以从出题形式来说阅读判断题的难度还相对来说增加了。实际上在解答阅读判断题中经常出现的一个问题是：很多考生在对“错误”和“没提到”这两个选项总觉得有一些“模糊性”，而这也增加了阅读判断题的难度。但是阅读判断的文章难度往往低于阅读理解文章的难度，而且文章主题也往往较轻松，所以这部分考题并不可怕，我们完全可以按照通常解答阅读理解题的方法去解答阅读判断题。
?阅读判断题解题思路：
1.借助文章主题和/或文章开头/结尾处句子确认文章中心;
2.认真读题，借助题目确认问题中隐含的线索词/特征词，并注意识别题目中的关键词;同时要留意问题句中包含了多少核心信息，这些信息在解题的过程中需要我们一一对应所找到的答案相关句进行确认。
3.借助题目中的线索词/关键词在文章中查找和确认答案相关句;
4.对比答案相关句的句意和问题句的句意(和核心信息内容)确认答案;
注：1.答案“没提到”通常在一篇文章中出现在2个左右的问题上，而且判断“没提到”的原则是“答案相关句的句意和问题句不矛盾，而且两者之间是完全不相关，或不完全相关”
2.问题句的说法合乎常识，则答案往往是正确或没提到。
本讲教学目的
通过阅读判断题的解题方法的讲解向考生介绍解答这种问题的有效方法，并在解题过程中讲解文章中出现的句法结构，以帮助考生回忆和复习英文中的常见语法点。
例题解析：
阅读判断(每题1分，共七分)
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请在答题卡上把A涂黑;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请在答题卡上把B涂黑;如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请在答题卡上把C涂黑。
Smoking
Since 1939,numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard.The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk.Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy.
Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body.Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males.Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.
Apart from statistics,it might be helpful to look at what tobacco does to the human body.Smoke is a mixture of gases,vaporized chemicals,minute particles of ash and other solids.There is also nicotine,which is powerful poison,and black tar.As smoke is breathed in,all those components from deposits on the membranes of the lungs.One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides.Most lung cancer begins at this point.
Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer,but they can only slightly reduce,not eliminate the hazards.
1.It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
2.Smoking reduces ones life expectancy.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
3.Smoking may induce lung cancer.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
4.There is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
5.Male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
6.Nicotine is poisonous.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
7.Filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safer.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
答案与解析：
1.借助文章标题Smoking，解读文章中心Smoking和文章可能的结构安排。
Since 1939,numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard.The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk.Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy.
Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body.Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males.Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.
Apart from statistics,it might be helpful to look at what tobacco does to the human body.Smoke is a mixture of gases,vaporized chemicals,minute particles of ash and other solids.There is also nicotine,which is powerful poison,and black tar.As smoke is breathed in,all those components from deposits on the membranes of the lungs.One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides.Most lung cancer begins at this point.
Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer,but they can only slightly reduce,not eliminate the hazards.
文章结构安排：进行了大量的研究以确认是否吸烟会造成健康危害–很多研究者认为吸烟在。。中有很大的影响---统计数据有助于了解吸烟对身体的(危害?)--过滤嘴和低焦油香烟不会消除危害。(文章中心)
2.直接看问题解答问题。
1.It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous(B级/dangerous).
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
B.分析：问题句是细节体，因此答案相关句往往是一个或几个相邻的句子。利用题干中包含了两层含义：easy和determine whether smoking is hazardous。题干中的黑体词(determine和hazardous)作为答案线索词，这样直接在文章中找到包含答案相关词的句子:
Since 1939,numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard/danger.(直接包含题干中的核心词)The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk.
该题提示：有些问题可能在考察考生的推断/或总结概括能力。
补充：
Numerous:adj.众多的,许多的,无数的
Synonyms:abundant,considerable,many,various
Conduct:n.行为;举止;举动;vt.处理;经营;引导;导电;导热
e.g.His conduct disagrees with his words.他言行不一。
e.g.My aunt conducts her business very successfully.
我的婶婶把企业经营得很成功。
e.g.Metal conducts electricity.金属导电。
2.Smoking reduces ones life expectancy.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
分析：利用该句句意判断该句说法正确而且与文章中心一致，这样答案可能是正确或没提到。题干中涉及到一层信息：reduces ones life expectancy。利用题干中的黑体词作为答案线索词，这样直接在文章中找到包含答案相关词的句子，确认答案。该题考察特殊结构--短语beyond all reasonable doubt的含义(绝对不容怀疑)。
The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk.Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy.
补充：
Doubt:n.怀疑;疑虑;未确定
e.g.There is no doubt that he is guilty.毫无疑问，他是有罪的。
without doubt必定;无疑
比较：I can agree with you more.
You can’t be too careful in driving.
The importance can’t be overestimated.
Consistent adj.(常与with连用)与…一致的
e.g.This statement is not consistent with what you said at yesterdays meeting.
这个说法与你昨天会上的发言不相符。
Be associated with:v.由...联想到...,把...联系起来
e.g.We associate China with the Greet Wall.
我们想起中国,就联想到长城。
Grammar:that
e.g.He said that he would come.他说他要来。(宾语从句)
e.g.Did you see the letter that I sent him?(定语从句)
你看到我寄给他的信了吗?
Comp:Its Jeans that makes the decisions here.(强调句)
这里作决定的是琼斯。
3.Smoking may induce(A)/cause lung cancer.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
分析：利用该句句意判断该句说法正确，这样答案可能是正确或没提到。题干中包含一层信息：may induce(A)/cause lung cancer。利用题干中的黑体词作为答案线索词，这样直接在文章中找到包含答案相关词的句子，确认答案。
Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body.
补充：
Relate vt.vi.讲;叙述;(常与to连用)把…联系起来,有关，有关系
Be related to:与。。有关
e.g.I related my adventure to my family.
我向家人讲述了我的奇遇。
4.There is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer(乳癌).
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
分析：题干中涉及两层信息：evidence和smoking is responsible for breast cancer。利用题干中的黑体词作为答案线索词，没有在文章中找到包含该答案线索词的句子所以判断问题句的说法为“没提到”。
5.Male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
分析：题干中涉及的信息量较大(有3层信息量：Male smokers，a lower death rate from heart disease，female smokers(have a higher rate))，因此陷阱处较多，可能会是错误句意。利用题干中的黑体词作为答案线索词，这样找到答案相关句，判断答案。该题又是在考察考生的推断能力。
Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males.Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.
补充：
affect:vt.影响,(使)感动
e.g.Smoking affects health.吸烟影响健康。
e.g.deeply affected by the news深深被这消息所感动
6.Nicotine(尼古丁)is poisonous.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
分析：利用该句句意判断该句说法正确，这样答案可能是正确或没提到。题干中涉及1层信息。利用题干中的黑体词作为答案线索词，这样直接在文章中找到包含答案相关词的句子，确认答案。
Apart from statistics,it might be helpful to look at what tobacco does to the human body.Smoke is a mixture of gases,vaporized chemicals,minute particles of ash and other solids.There is also nicotine,which is powerful poison,and black tar(焦油).
补充：
Apart from:prep.远离,除...之外
Minute:adj.微小的,详细的
Grammar:
What:引导名词性从句时可翻译成：(所)…的
e.g.Everyone should do what he thinks right.
每个人都应该做自己认为是正确的事。
e.g.I believed what she told me.
我相信她和我说的话。
Of:由…制成的;由…组成的;包含..;容纳..
e.g.a dress of cotton棉布衣服
e.g.a bag of potatoes一袋土豆
e.g.a kilo of butter一公斤黄油
7.Filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safer.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
分析：题干中涉及到1层信息：Filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safer。利用题干中的黑体词作为答案线索词，这样在文章中找到直接答案相关句，确认答案。
As smoke is breathed in,all those components from deposits on the membranes of the lungs.One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides.Most lung cancer begins at this point.
Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer,but they can only slightly reduce,not eliminate the hazards.
补充：
Deposit:n.存款;储蓄;定金;押金;vt.放下;存放;储蓄
current deposit活期存款
e.g.She deposited her money in the bank.
她把钱存在银行里。
Eliminate:vt.排除,消除v.除去
Synonyms:dispose of,exclude,get rid of,reject,remove,throw out
Slightly:adv.稍微地
Concentrate:v.集中(注意力、思想等),集中于某处;使集中于一点
e.g.A driver should concentrate on the road when driving.
开车时驾驶员的注意力要集中在路上。
e.g.Industrial development is being concentrated in the west of the country.
这个国家的西部正集中发展工业。