2020湖南专升本英语语法:非谓语动词之分词
来源:长理培训发布时间:2020-08-19 21:34:54
分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。
现在分词和过去分词的区别:
在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义;
在时间上,现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生,过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。
如:falling leaves正在下落的树叶fallen leaves已经落在地上的树叶
一、分词的作用
1、作定语
(1)单个分词作定语,分词前置。如:
The sleeping boy is my son.
The excited people rushed into the building.
He is a retired worker.
(2)分词短语作定语,分词后置;分词修饰不定代词something等要后置;个别分词如give,left等作定语也后置。如:
The girl standing under the tree is my niece.
This is the question given.
There is nothing interesting.
(3)过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如:
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists
2、作状语
现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。
If more attention was given,the trees could have grown better.(条件)
Walking along the street,I ran across my old friend.
Bitten by a snake,he was taken to hospital.(原因).
Though defeated,he didn’t lose heart.(让步)
He lay on the grass,looking into the sky.(伴随)
He came running to tell me the good news.(方式)
注意:
(1)选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出,分词就用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。比较:
(Being)Used for a long time,the book looks old.由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book,I find it useful.在使用的过程中,我发现这本书很有用。
(2)分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致,如果不一致,就用独立主格结构,即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语,一般不用作定语。
When completed,the museum will be open to the public next year.
Having suffered such heavy pollution already,it may now be too late to clean up the river.
3、作表语
现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征,过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如:
The film is touching.
The glass is broken.
He remained standing beside the table.
4、作宾语补足语
分词和不定式一样,在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如:
I smell something burning.
I heard him singing the song.
I heard my name called.
I can’t make myself understood in English.
I found my car missing.
5、作插入语
其结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
generally speaking一般说来t
alking of(speaking of)说到
strictly speaking严格地说
judging from从……判断
all things considered从整体来看
taking all things into consideration全面看来。
Generally speaking,dogs can run faster than pigs.总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。
二、分词的时态
1、与主语动词同时,用doing.如:
Arriving there,they found the boy dead.
2、先于主语动词
分词作时间状语,如果先于主语动词的动作,且强调先后,要用having done.如:
Having finished his homework,he went out for a walk.
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