解放军文职招聘考试生活方式

 生活方式和社会观念

人们生活方式的改变：

• 衣：人们现在对服饰的要求不仅是遮体、保暖，而是更注重社会因素，比如时尚；

• 食：快餐的流行是一大变化；同时，伴随着全球化，各国特色的食物（ethnic food)也随处可

见，比如韩国菜、泰国菜、日本菜；

• 住：人们现在不满足于住普通的房子，而对房子的外观、舒适程度和空间都有要求；

• 行：汽车和飞机等快速便捷的出行方式逐渐取代火车、步行、自行车等；

• 购物：必需品（necessities)在人们的消费中所占的比重越来越小，而奢侈品变多；

• 休闲和娱乐：人们越来越注重旅游，认为这是有益于健康的活动。

人们杜会观念的改变：

• 独立性：人们越来越独立,以往集体的生活方式(communalism)已经很少见；

• 挑战性：人们不再满足于稳定的工作和生活，乐于接受不同的挑战；

• 快捷性：人们现在越来越有时间观念(time conscious),追求高效。

—般来说，这一类题目可以从三大角度考虑，即：

• 外部环境：自然环境，生活环境，设备设施

• 社会因素：家人的利益，朋友的选择，和朋友家人的相处，社会地位

• 个人因素：收人情况，个人爱好，年龄结构，受教育水平

Topic 20: People tend to work longer hours nowadays. Working long hours has a negative effect on themselves, their families and the society, so working hours should be restricted. Do you agree or disagree?

长时间工作的负面影晌：

• 容易产生压力和疲倦（easily induce fatigue and stress)，对健康是一种威胁（a threat to health)；

• 减少了休闲的时间（a drop in leisure time),导致工作和家庭之间的冲突（lead to work-family conflicts);

• 长时间的工作未必都有效率和效益(long hours are not necessarily productive hours)；加班的收人 (extra pay)不能补偿时间所产生的压力(high pay can't compensate for unrelenting time pressure)；

• 长时间工作导致士气低（low morale),旷工和辞职率髙（high absenteeism and turnover)。

长时间工作的正面影晌：

• 对工作热情（commitment toward their work)的一种体现；

• 提高收人（improve take-home pay)的一种途径；

• 争取工作和晋升的机会（increase job security and promotion opportunities)

范文

In recent years, working hours have become a controversial issue, at a time when employees' benefits have been given serious thought. Although the extension of working hours is believed to have an impact on general well-being and result in work-family conflict and job stress, this practice is remarkably popular in many countries, I am supportive of the argument that long working hours have a negative impact upon individuals, the organisations they work for, and ultimately upon the national economy and society as a whole.

To job holders, working long hours triggers at least two problems. It is not only to damage personal relationships (with families particularly), disrupt social lives and impede community activities but also to cause a feeling of stress, a psychological disturbance that is experienced by many working people. It also tends to exert pressure on the employment market and make fewer employment opportunities available. Those with caring responsibilities for example, would be disadvantaged, because they are either unable or unwilling to work long hours, A high unemployment rate is always regarded as a threat to a country's economy.

To employers, long working hours, although promising maximum benefit from limited resources every now and then, have destructive effects in the long term. The primary reason is that employees tend to be less productive, and meanwhile, at greater risks of sickness. It would lead not only to the lower quality of work outputs but also to high turnover and absenteeism. As a result, employers have to spend much more on recruiting and training new workers. To a country as a whole, it has chronic effects, disabling the optimisation of resource use, human capital and natural resources.

Some might argue that it is reasonable for an employer to expect some degree of flexibility during a particularly busy period, but to those employers, reliance on the jobs with extended hours has the tendency to become a regular event. Tolerance of this practice would allow employers to exploit labour and disregard the benefits that employees are entitled for, thereby posing a challenge to the legal system. It is time that employers assessed alternatives like rescheduling， flexible working arrangements and job redesign to explore the full potential of each employee.

As shown from the above discussion one can see no reason why working long hours is acceptable. It would lead to low productivity and frequent sick leaves, thereby doing more harm than good to employers and the society alike.

近义词表

1. impede=hold back=hinder=hamper:阻碍,阻止        2. productive=fertile = yielding:多产的，具备工作能力的

3. chronic=persistent=never-ending:长期的,不会停止的     4. optimisation=best use:最大程度上的利用

5. tolerance=forbearance:容忍                    6. disregard=pay no attention to=ignore=take no notice of:忽视，忽略