解放军文职招聘考试文化的组成因素

 文化的组成因素和保护

概述：简单地说，文化是指社会或者社会人群的生活方式和生活习惯。文化虽然是很抽象的 概念，但它的影响却无处不在，包括以下一些方面：

• 服饰：每一种文化都有自己特殊的服装。中国是一个典型的例子：中国作为一个多民族国 家，每个民族都有自己的特色服装，其中服装的样式、颜色和其他特点都反映了民族的文化、习俗、生活习惯以及审美观点。然而，由于西方文化的盛行，西装已在世界各国普遍流行 并为人们广泛接受；

• 饮食习惯：每一种文化都有自己特殊的饮食习惯。中国、日本、韩国、泰国以及墨西哥等地的 民族食物风靡世界，美国快餐文化影响了很多国家的饮食习惯，这都是雅思作文考试中经常 出现的话题。饮食习惯的不同也体现在饮食的工具(筷子和刀叉的区别）、饮食的场合（中国 人更喜欢聚餐，而西方人喜欢自助）、饮食的环境（中国的餐桌一般是圆的，而且比较大，而 外国的餐桌一般是方的，两人桌居多)等；

• 语言：每一种文化都有自己特殊的语言，而每一种语言又有它特殊的文化背景。全球化影响 了文化的多样性，同时也影响了语言的多样性。语言学习经常要和文化结合在一起；

• 礼仪：每一种文化都有自己特殊的礼仪。礼仪主要体现在社交、节日和庆祝方式方面。比如， 中国有中秋节，而西方国家则没有这个节日。此外，生日聚会、婚礼、葬礼等等，也都体现了 文化的差异；

• 宗教信仰、思维方式、价值观：中同人家庭观念和集体观念较强，而外国人个人意识较强；中国人喜欢储蓄、讲究孝道，而外国人则没有这种习惯和意识；

• 行为习惯：西方人同性之间比较忌讳勾肩搭背，交流中忌讳打听对方衣服的价格和工资；中国人喜欢比较商品价格和家庭收人，交谈时喜欢靠近对方，以表示对对方的信任和对话题的重视。

文化的重要性：

• 使人们了解自己的特点、文化背景，具有较强的身份感(sense of identify);

• 对于整个人类社会而言，文化的多元性可以保证人们用不同的方式看待问题；

• 和生物多样性类似，文化多样性对人类的长期存在有深远影响（the long-term survival of humanity )。

Topic 18: People think that old buildings should be knocked down and give way to the new buildings. Do you agree or disagree? How important are old buildings to us?

保护老建筑的必要性：

• 建筑是一个地区社会习俗和历史的标志（symbol of the social customs and history of a place)， 也是一种文化资源（cultural resource)。保护老建筑（old architectural works)实际上是保护文化 (preserve cultural values),让一个地区拥有芈富的建筑遗产(a rich variety of architectural heritages),有助于突出或者塑造一个地区的形象(create its identify)。老建筑是连接现在和过 去的桥梁（bridge the present and the past history),拆毁老建筑会造成不可弥补的损失；

• 从美学角度讲，老建筑可以保持建筑的多样性（establish some variations among the buildings), 独特性（rarity)和历史地位（historical roles)。虽然，建造宏伟的高层建筑（grand high-rising structures)是必须的，但是保持多样性(variety }也很重要；

• 一些历史建筑（historic buildings)或古建筑（archeological sites)应该修复成原来的状态 (restored to its original/ authentic state of existence),这些建筑物具有观光价值；

• 建筑费用的增加使老建筑具备一定的经济价值(of economic values)。

保护老建筑的不利之处：

• 老建筑（aged buildings)的维护与经济的发展有冲突(an antithesis of development),缺乏经济

价值(lack of economic values)；

•老建筑的维护需要特别的技艺（craftsmanship),也需要大量的金钱和时间（commitment of time and money)；

• 一些老建筑已经破烂不堪(worn out),不具备应用价值（not in a usable state),甚至可能危及生命。

范文

Every item of property has its own lifespan. So does every building. City planners are very often confronted with a debate concealing whether an old building should be deconstructed or maintained. In my opinion, it depends on whether the targeted building can satisfy the needs of the city.

There is no denying that some old buildings are of aesthetic, archaeological or architectural values. They might be either integral to a culture as a symbol of a city or country or unique in the domain of architecture. Demolition of such buildings will inflict damage to cultural heritage and prevent architects from drawing their inspiration from their predecessors. Because of their uniqueness, old buildings are very likely to provide a source of tourism income, if maintained well. It is fair to say that old buildings of this kind are much more important than any new building and performing more functions than any new building does.

With regard to other old buildings, possessing no specific value while becoming dilapidated, entire destruction is an acceptable and understandable decision. Low in quality and poor in conditions, some old buildings are actually posing a danger on users and pedestrians. They might stand in the way of a new road line or impede other forms of urban development. Whether they have been renovated or not, these buildings blemish the landscape and provide no justification for continued maintenance. Replacing old buildings with new ones meets the renewed needs of the city.

In summary, whether to conserve or pull down old buildings is a question that can only be answered on a case-by-case basis. People involved should carefully weigh up the pros and cons of new developments before reaching a conclusion.

近义词表

1. lifespan=lifetime=natural life:寿命，生命周期

2. deconstruct=demolish-=bulldoze=knock down=pull down: 推翻，拆除（建筑物等)

3. aesthetic=artistic:艺术的，审美的                                4. domain=area=field ：领域

5. demolition=destruction=pulling down=knocking down:破坏,毁坏

6. inflict=cause=impose:引起，导致                                7. predecessor=forerunner=precursor:前辈，先驱

8. dilapidate=wrecked=decaying:破烂的，荒废的             9. pedestrian=walker=person on foot:路人

10. renovate=refnrbish=:revamp:重新装修,修补                11. blemish=damage=tainish=spoil=ruin:破坏，损坏

12. renewed=changed=improved:更新的,提高的

13. weigh up=assess=evaluate=compare=estimate:,衡量，估量，对比