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解放军文职招聘考试大学英语六级考试短文写作
来源：长理培训发布时间：2017-06-11 14:17:46
大学英语六级考试短文写作
一、六级写作评分标准
大学英语六级考试作文的目的旨在考核学生英语书面表达的能力。作文考试时间为30分钟, 要求写出不少于150个词的短文。六级考试作文的出题方式有：命题作文，看图画或图表作文，根据所给文章（英文或中文）写出文章摘要或大意，给出关键词作文等。考试的作文内容为社会、文化或日常生活的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。对作文的要求是：切题，文理通顺，表达正确，意思连贯，无重大语言错误。
下面介绍六级考试作文的评分原则和标准，并通过五份样卷作一个详细说明。
下面介绍六级考试作文的评分原则和标准，并通过五份样卷作一个详细说明。
(一) 作文评分原则
1. CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。
2. CET作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores）,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。
3. 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。
4. 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分，一名阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。
1. CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。
2. CET作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores）,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。
3. 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。
4. 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分，一名阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。
(二) 作文评分标准
1. 本题满分为15分。
2. 阅卷标准共分五等: 2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一至二份。
3. 阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分），若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，即可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。
4. 评分标准：
2分……条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。
5分……基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。
8分……基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。
11分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。
14分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。
[注: 白卷, 作文与题目毫不相关, 或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。]
5.字数不足应酌情扣分
1. 本题满分为15分。
2. 阅卷标准共分五等: 2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一至二份。
3. 阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分），若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，即可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。
4. 评分标准：
2分……条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。
5分……基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。
8分……基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。
11分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。
14分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。
[注: 白卷, 作文与题目毫不相关, 或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。]
5.字数不足应酌情扣分
累计字数 140-149 130-139 120-129 110-119 100-109 90-99 80-89 ＜79
扣 分 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9
扣 分 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9
[注:] 1.如题目中给出主题句, 起始句, 结束句, 均不得计入所写字数
2. 规定内容未写全者，按比例扣分。
2. 规定内容未写全者，按比例扣分。
实例一
2003年1月真题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。
2. 诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。
2003年1月真题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。
2. 诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。
It Pays to Be Honest
①In our modern social life, there are many examples around us show many people are cheated. Advertisements cheat people, salesmen cheat people, even one's closest friends cheat him or her. So many heartbreaks are heard everyday that we cannot help asking: where is our honest exist?
Everybody is taught honest in the primary school or even in the kindergarten. Honesty does good not only to ourselves, but to others as well. If we are honest to others. We will be happier and be in a better mood. Otherwise, we'll feel guilt at last. To a company and its advertisement, honesty will bring it more consumer and more profit. If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone. To a company, no consumer will buy your product again.
So, as the above is said, it pays to be honest. Let's create a morally outstanding social.
①In our modern social life, there are many examples around us show many people are cheated. Advertisements cheat people, salesmen cheat people, even one's closest friends cheat him or her. So many heartbreaks are heard everyday that we cannot help asking: where is our honest exist?
Everybody is taught honest in the primary school or even in the kindergarten. Honesty does good not only to ourselves, but to others as well. If we are honest to others. We will be happier and be in a better mood. Otherwise, we'll feel guilt at last. To a company and its advertisement, honesty will bring it more consumer and more profit. If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone. To a company, no consumer will buy your product again.
So, as the above is said, it pays to be honest. Let's create a morally outstanding social.
②Although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society. For example, some businessmen sell fake product to their consumers; some students cheat in the exams.
Dishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first, but consumers won't buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or even be sent to prison. By contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep to their promise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such persons are sure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager to make friends with them. Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job. Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest will be paid back later.
In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honor. So it is important that we should be honest.
Dishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first, but consumers won't buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or even be sent to prison. By contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep to their promise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such persons are sure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager to make friends with them. Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job. Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest will be paid back later.
In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honor. So it is important that we should be honest.
③With the development of modern economic and industry, competitive is becoming more and more obvious. At the same time, the performance of dishonest is becoming more and more clearly.
Nowadays, there are many dishonest performance in our society. For example, some people found that he saled goods had past the preservation date. Not throw them away, they revised the perservation date, and saled them again after several days. Another case in the point, a pair of shoes was made from goat. However, in order to sale at a high price, the salers would say they were made from cow which has good quality.
From the foregoing, we can see that dishonest dose not only harm to yourselves but also harm to others. And it is no use only realise the harmness of dishonest. We should be honest from now on and be honest in our daily life. It is only that people all over the world are honest them our country will be beautiful and wealthy.
Nowadays, there are many dishonest performance in our society. For example, some people found that he saled goods had past the preservation date. Not throw them away, they revised the perservation date, and saled them again after several days. Another case in the point, a pair of shoes was made from goat. However, in order to sale at a high price, the salers would say they were made from cow which has good quality.
From the foregoing, we can see that dishonest dose not only harm to yourselves but also harm to others. And it is no use only realise the harmness of dishonest. We should be honest from now on and be honest in our daily life. It is only that people all over the world are honest them our country will be beautiful and wealthy.
④Now in our society, many people are not honest in doing soming. We often can meet with soming happened cause by people who are not honest. For example, Now we take the bus need carry cents own, and when you upstairs the bus, you should put the cent into the money box. Every people do that, but some of the people put the other things instead the cents. For another example, it is more normal that in the exams we can always find some students see others.
I consider that every people should be honest. As a people, honest should be first, because it can make us to be increase and make our socity develop. In doing every thing we should be honest all, study, word, life and so on. If you are honest, every people will be friend to you, and who will regard you are good people.
But if you don't be honest, people must unwilling to trath with you. So if you are want to be a good people, remember honest first.
I consider that every people should be honest. As a people, honest should be first, because it can make us to be increase and make our socity develop. In doing every thing we should be honest all, study, word, life and so on. If you are honest, every people will be friend to you, and who will regard you are good people.
But if you don't be honest, people must unwilling to trath with you. So if you are want to be a good people, remember honest first.
⑤Nowadays, many people choose not to be honest in our modern society. We almost can find such things every day of our life: some students cheat in the exam for higher marks; some corporations tell wrong data to the public in order to get more investment; and some doctors treat their patients with unnecessary and expensive medicines in order to make money, sometimes damaged the patients' health, even their life.
Seeing this situation. I think it must be changed. Being honest will benefit not only others, but also ourselves. First, your honesty will make others willing to trust you. Second, being honest can lead you to face your problem bravely, which helps to solve it. And the last, honest surely helps to make the society more harmony.
So. I think everyone should start to be honest and everyone should have the idea that our society can not do without honesty.
Seeing this situation. I think it must be changed. Being honest will benefit not only others, but also ourselves. First, your honesty will make others willing to trust you. Second, being honest can lead you to face your problem bravely, which helps to solve it. And the last, honest surely helps to make the society more harmony.
So. I think everyone should start to be honest and everyone should have the idea that our society can not do without honesty.
实例二
1999年6月真题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人认为读书要有选择
2. 有些人认为应当博览群书
3. 我的看法
1999年6月真题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人认为读书要有选择
2. 有些人认为应当博览群书
3. 我的看法
Reading Selectively Or Extensively?
①When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.
Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never touch the bad books.
But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read more”. So they believe that reading extensively is better.
To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading.
①When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.
Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never touch the bad books.
But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read more”. So they believe that reading extensively is better.
To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading.
②I think reading not only selectively but also extensively. Because the two sides are not contradict. Our time is limited. So we can not read every book in the world. However, we will not be interested in every book. We should read those books may be useful to ours, read those books which we like. But those books which we choose must be extensively so it can give ours all kinds of knowledge, news and so on, it also make ours become a wise man. On the one hand reading selectively let ours not waste our time which it is limitted. Moreover it can emphasis among all books that we can read. On the other hand reading extensively can deal with all kinds of need in our life. They are all useful to ours.
③Most people thought that read books should have been selectived. But others belived reading extentively was correction.
Selective books or reading extensively?
Sure, you can choice one from previous ideas,
on one hand, There are too book to read for us. We should choose those which we intrested, and it would be helpful for us.
on another hand. Someone's intresting was wide. Each book could bring you specific contain we couldn't reading at only one level.
I confirmed all of these ideas were good but weren't wise.
As a reader, the main task is to discover more and more books the second task is to held some which wonderful and helpful for us. Don't treat these books with rackless abandon.
The best technology of reading is connect.
Selective books or reading extensively?
Sure, you can choice one from previous ideas,
on one hand, There are too book to read for us. We should choose those which we intrested, and it would be helpful for us.
on another hand. Someone's intresting was wide. Each book could bring you specific contain we couldn't reading at only one level.
I confirmed all of these ideas were good but weren't wise.
As a reader, the main task is to discover more and more books the second task is to held some which wonderful and helpful for us. Don't treat these books with rackless abandon.
The best technology of reading is connect.
④How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.
Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. What's more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn't read them. Since we can't read all the books and we shouldn't read bad books, we must read selectively.
But others may not agree. They emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge he'll have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.
Who's right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.
Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. What's more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn't read them. Since we can't read all the books and we shouldn't read bad books, we must read selectively.
But others may not agree. They emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge he'll have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.
Who's right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.
⑤Some people think reading shall be choosed. Because some books are good to hummen beings and some books are harmful to people.
Some people think that men shoud read books widely. Because wide reading can help man get much knowledge. And man can use it to change the world.
It is my point that reading must be selectively. Because reading is important to man. Some books can help man but some books can lead some people to crime. It can be seen in the newspapers and watched on TV. We can make full use of some good books and gain more useful knowledge. It can make our life more beauiful. We must give up those unhelpful books. They are not good to us. Reading them is wasting time and money. So reading selectively is an important part in reading.
Some people think that men shoud read books widely. Because wide reading can help man get much knowledge. And man can use it to change the world.
It is my point that reading must be selectively. Because reading is important to man. Some books can help man but some books can lead some people to crime. It can be seen in the newspapers and watched on TV. We can make full use of some good books and gain more useful knowledge. It can make our life more beauiful. We must give up those unhelpful books. They are not good to us. Reading them is wasting time and money. So reading selectively is an important part in reading.
二、写作常见错误分析
一、语法错误
（一）句子结构错误
1． 主从句叠置
1)There are more and more students like to use the computer.
2)There are still many problems should be noted and resolved.
2． 简单句叠置
I like chatting on line very much, I go to the net bar almost every weekend.
I like chatting on line very much, I go to the net bar almost every weekend.
3． 从句叠置
As is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life.
As is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life.
4． 句子成分缺失
If work hard, we will surely be successful.
If work hard, we will surely be successful.
5． 语序错误
1)Why college students spend more and more time on the computer?
1)Why college students spend more and more time on the computer?
2)I often wonder where have they got their money.
（二）动词错误
1．时态错误
Many people thought that the Internet will be more useful in the future.
1．时态错误
Many people thought that the Internet will be more useful in the future.
2．语态错误
1)I have excited several days at the news that you will come here.
1)I have excited several days at the news that you will come here.
2)Most of the students satisfy with the service in the dining hall.
3．单复数错误
1)Wise man seek opportunities rather than wait for them.
1)Wise man seek opportunities rather than wait for them.
2)Someone are afraid that computer may control men in the future.
4．非谓语动词错误
1)Let me to represent everyone to say “hello” to you.
1)Let me to represent everyone to say “hello” to you.
2)Do exercise in the morning is good for one’s health.
3)Having studied in our school for 3 years, the canteen service has changed a lot.
（三）代词错误
1)We can use computers in doing everything you like.
1)We can use computers in doing everything you like.
2)A college student should be able to do their washing on their own.
（四）冠词错误
1)Horse is an useful animal.
1)Horse is an useful animal.
2)The exam will be held in the December, 2004.
（五）词性错误
1)I wish you can consider my suggests.
1)I wish you can consider my suggests.
2)If a person wants to success, he must learn to endure sufferings and setbacks.
二、用词错误
1)Students must know how to apply a computer.
1)Students must know how to apply a computer.
2)People can touch many new things on the Internet.
3)The purpose of this letter is to react some opinions on the service in the dining hall.
三、表达习惯错误
1)Why generated so large a change?
1)Why generated so large a change?
2)Now 6000 yuan can buy a P4 computer.
3)A room often lives 6-8 students.
4)I think this great change has three reasons.
5)The prices of the food are too expensive.
6)The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.
四、标点符号及大小写错误
1)However, every coin has two sides, I think the surroundings in our canteen are the best among all universities.
1)However, every coin has two sides, I think the surroundings in our canteen are the best among all universities.
2)The man was racing down the street. Because he was late for the class.
3)At last I want to let you know, I love our university very much.
4)My favorite sports are swimming、jogging、mountaineering and playing table tennis.
5)The best English film in my eyes is《Forrest Gump》.
三、六级写作题型分类
（一）对立观点型
2000年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The First sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是......
2. 也有人持不同意见，......
3. 我的看法和打算
2000年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The First sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是......
2. 也有人持不同意见，......
3. 我的看法和打算
1999年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人认为读书要有选择
2. 有些人认为应当博览群书
3. 我的看法
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人认为读书要有选择
2. 有些人认为应当博览群书
3. 我的看法
1998年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人认为某些数字会带来好运
2. 我认为数字和运气无关......
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人认为某些数字会带来好运
2. 我认为数字和运气无关......
1997年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Job-Hopping. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为......
2. 有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为......
3. 我的看法
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Job-Hopping. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为......
2. 有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为......
3. 我的看法
1996年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: Why I Take College English Test Band 6. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).
1. 有些人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试
2. 我参加CET-6考试的理由
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: Why I Take College English Test Band 6. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).
1. 有些人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试
2. 我参加CET-6考试的理由
1995年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Should Firecrackers Be Banned? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么?
2. 有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么?
3. 我的看法
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Should Firecrackers Be Banned? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么?
2. 有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么?
3. 我的看法
1993年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Opportunity. You must base your composition on the following instructions (given in Chinese):
有的人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？
写出你的理由并且适当举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。
Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write it neatly.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Opportunity. You must base your composition on the following instructions (given in Chinese):
有的人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？
写出你的理由并且适当举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。
Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write it neatly.
（二） 解决问题型
2003年12月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Reduce Waste on Campus. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
1．有些大学校园浪费的现象日益严重
2．浪费的危害
3．杜绝浪费，从我做起
2003年12月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Reduce Waste on Campus. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
1．有些大学校园浪费的现象日益严重
2．浪费的危害
3．杜绝浪费，从我做起
2000年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance My College Education. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种途径解决。
2. 哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance My College Education. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种途径解决。
2. 哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。
1998年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Fake Commodities. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 假冒伪劣商品的危害
2. 怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Fake Commodities. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 假冒伪劣商品的危害
2. 怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品
1995年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).
1. 现在有些不良的商业广告
2. 这些广告的副作用和危害性
3. 我对这些广告的态度
You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).
1. 现在有些不良的商业广告
2. 这些广告的副作用和危害性
3. 我对这些广告的态度
You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.
1990年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities. Four suggested solutions to this problem are listed below. You are supposed to write in favor of one suggestion (ONE only) and against another (ONE only). You should give your reasons in both cases. You should write no less than 120 words. Remember to give a short introduction and a brief conclusion. Write your composition clearly.
四种可能解决住房问题的方案：
1. 多造高层建筑
2. 向地下发展
3. 建造卫星城市
4. 疏散城市人口
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities. Four suggested solutions to this problem are listed below. You are supposed to write in favor of one suggestion (ONE only) and against another (ONE only). You should give your reasons in both cases. You should write no less than 120 words. Remember to give a short introduction and a brief conclusion. Write your composition clearly.
四种可能解决住房问题的方案：
1. 多造高层建筑
2. 向地下发展
3. 建造卫星城市
4. 疏散城市人口
1990年1月
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic according to the following OUTLINE. Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember that the contents of the OUTLINE should ALL be included in your composition. But you are not supposed to translate the OUTLINE word for word.
OUTLINE
问题：城市交通拥挤
解决方案（solution）
1. 建造(lay down)更多道路
优点：(1) 降低街道拥挤程度
(2) 加速车流（flow of traffic）
缺点：占地过多
2. 开辟（open up）更多公共汽车线路
优点：减少自行车与小汽车
缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便
结论：两者结合
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic according to the following OUTLINE. Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember that the contents of the OUTLINE should ALL be included in your composition. But you are not supposed to translate the OUTLINE word for word.
OUTLINE
问题：城市交通拥挤
解决方案（solution）
1. 建造(lay down)更多道路
优点：(1) 降低街道拥挤程度
(2) 加速车流（flow of traffic）
缺点：占地过多
2. 开辟（open up）更多公共汽车线路
优点：减少自行车与小汽车
缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便
结论：两者结合
（三）谚语警句型
1997年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Haste Makes Waste. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.
1. 为什么“欲速则不达”？
2. 举例说明。
1997年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Haste Makes Waste. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.
1. 为什么“欲速则不达”？
2. 举例说明。
（四）图表图画型2003年9月
2003年6月
2002年6月
1996年6月
1992年1月
1991年6月
（详见“九、历年写作真题”部分）
2003年6月
2002年6月
1996年6月
1992年1月
1991年6月
（详见“九、历年写作真题”部分）
（五）应用写作型
2004年6月
2002年1月
2001年6月
（详见“九、历年写作真题”部分）
2004年6月
2002年1月
2001年6月
（详见“九、历年写作真题”部分）
四、六级写作分类范文
（一）对立观点型
1. Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?
A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of College English Test (CET). Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary to hold a test of spoken English in China because we have been informed frequently that a Chinese student who has been learning English for over ten years cannot even communicate with a native speaker. A test of spoken English will bring the college students an awareness of the importance of oral English, and will thus help them with their communicating skills.
On the other hand, some others still maintain that a good command of reading and writing skills will be enough for the English learners. To some extent their opinion derives from the fact that students are already under considerable pressure from their coursework. Another required test will only add to their burden.
In my opinion, a test of spoken English will do more good than harm. Since China will continue its policy of opening and reform, the ability to speak English fluently is a must for anyone who wants to surpass others in a highly competitive society. Whether I take the test or not, I shall spare no efforts to practice oral English in the remaining years of my college study.
2. Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck?
There are people who believe that some numbers bring good luck, while others bring bad luck. For instance, in China the number eight is thought to be lucky. Turning our attention to the West, we find that the number seven is considered lucky, but the number 13 is avoided like the plague.
In spite of all these claims, most people would agree that there is little evidence that numbers have any influence on our lives. In fact, they say, the reverse seems to be the case. For one thing, we might expect calculators to break down every time they note the number 13, and for another, although every week has seven days we know that not every week is lucky for us.
Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter point of view. It is obvious that there is no scientific basis for the belief that there is a connection between luck and numbers. All in all, it seems to me to be superstition.
There are people who believe that some numbers bring good luck, while others bring bad luck. For instance, in China the number eight is thought to be lucky. Turning our attention to the West, we find that the number seven is considered lucky, but the number 13 is avoided like the plague.
In spite of all these claims, most people would agree that there is little evidence that numbers have any influence on our lives. In fact, they say, the reverse seems to be the case. For one thing, we might expect calculators to break down every time they note the number 13, and for another, although every week has seven days we know that not every week is lucky for us.
Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter point of view. It is obvious that there is no scientific basis for the belief that there is a connection between luck and numbers. All in all, it seems to me to be superstition.
3. My View on Job-Hopping
Job-hopping, or frequent change of jobs, is becoming increasingly common in China today. As the economy grows, more opportunities for employment are appearing than before. The result is that people, especially young people, are tempted to change jobs frequently, seeking higher salaries or more interesting positions.
Nevertheless, many people prefer to stay in their old jobs. This is partly because they feel loyal to their work units, and partly because they dislike the idea of having to spend much time training for a new job. In addition, although a new job may offer higher pay or more opportunities for promotion, it may be located far from home and be inconvenient to reach.
I think it is a good thing for the workforce to be flexible, so that new demands for personnel can be satisfied quickly. However, if a person changes jobs too often, he or she will cause losses to the employing units. Moreover, frequent job-hopping prevents a person from gaining valuable job experience and developing good work habits.
Job-hopping, or frequent change of jobs, is becoming increasingly common in China today. As the economy grows, more opportunities for employment are appearing than before. The result is that people, especially young people, are tempted to change jobs frequently, seeking higher salaries or more interesting positions.
Nevertheless, many people prefer to stay in their old jobs. This is partly because they feel loyal to their work units, and partly because they dislike the idea of having to spend much time training for a new job. In addition, although a new job may offer higher pay or more opportunities for promotion, it may be located far from home and be inconvenient to reach.
I think it is a good thing for the workforce to be flexible, so that new demands for personnel can be satisfied quickly. However, if a person changes jobs too often, he or she will cause losses to the employing units. Moreover, frequent job-hopping prevents a person from gaining valuable job experience and developing good work habits.
4． Why I Take College English Test Band 6
(a)
Some people consider that it is unnecessary to take College English Test Band 6 (CET-6). One reason they cite is that most schools set CET-4 as the main requirement. Another reason is that they think that CET-6 is simply too difficult for them.
I, however, have decided to accept the challenge of CET-6. The preparation for this test will force me to raise the level of my English ability. Besides, I regard CET-6 as a stepping-stone to further qualifications in English which will help me in my future career.
All in all, taking CET-6 is advantageous for both a student’s studies and his personal development. The first advantage is that he will improve his English skills in an all-round way. The second is that he will strengthen his character by continuing his English studies when other people have been lazy and stopped.
(a)
Some people consider that it is unnecessary to take College English Test Band 6 (CET-6). One reason they cite is that most schools set CET-4 as the main requirement. Another reason is that they think that CET-6 is simply too difficult for them.
I, however, have decided to accept the challenge of CET-6. The preparation for this test will force me to raise the level of my English ability. Besides, I regard CET-6 as a stepping-stone to further qualifications in English which will help me in my future career.
All in all, taking CET-6 is advantageous for both a student’s studies and his personal development. The first advantage is that he will improve his English skills in an all-round way. The second is that he will strengthen his character by continuing his English studies when other people have been lazy and stopped.
(b)
When it comes to College English Test Band 6 (CET-6), opinions differ from person to person. Some hold the positive view. They believe that taking CET-6 is advantageous for both a student’s studies and his personal development. The first advantage is that he will improve his English skills in an all-round way. The second is that he will strengthen his character by continuing his English studies when other people have been lazy and stopped.
Others, however, hold the opposite view. They maintain that it is unnecessary to take College English Test Band 6 (CET-6). One reason they cite is that most schools set CET-4 as the main requirement. Another reason is that they think that CET-6 is simply too difficult for them.
Personally, I have decided to accept the challenge of CET-6. The preparation for this test will force me to raise the level of my English ability. Besides, I regard CET-6 as a stepping-stone to further qualifications in English which will help me in my future career.
When it comes to College English Test Band 6 (CET-6), opinions differ from person to person. Some hold the positive view. They believe that taking CET-6 is advantageous for both a student’s studies and his personal development. The first advantage is that he will improve his English skills in an all-round way. The second is that he will strengthen his character by continuing his English studies when other people have been lazy and stopped.
Others, however, hold the opposite view. They maintain that it is unnecessary to take College English Test Band 6 (CET-6). One reason they cite is that most schools set CET-4 as the main requirement. Another reason is that they think that CET-6 is simply too difficult for them.
Personally, I have decided to accept the challenge of CET-6. The preparation for this test will force me to raise the level of my English ability. Besides, I regard CET-6 as a stepping-stone to further qualifications in English which will help me in my future career.
5. Should Firecrackers Be Banned?
(a)
Some people think that setting off firecrackers is a good thing. They say that it is an ancient Chinese custom which should be preserved. They also claim that firecrackers make festivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children.
On the other hand, there are many people who say that firecrackers should be banned. They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires which destroy property, and for injuries suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. They also say that firecrackers are a waste of money and resources.
My own point of view is that we should preserve the old custom of letting off firecrackers, while at the same time making them harmless. We can do this by banning firecrackers from public places. In addition, we should restrict the setting off of firecrackers to festival days.
(a)
Some people think that setting off firecrackers is a good thing. They say that it is an ancient Chinese custom which should be preserved. They also claim that firecrackers make festivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children.
On the other hand, there are many people who say that firecrackers should be banned. They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires which destroy property, and for injuries suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. They also say that firecrackers are a waste of money and resources.
My own point of view is that we should preserve the old custom of letting off firecrackers, while at the same time making them harmless. We can do this by banning firecrackers from public places. In addition, we should restrict the setting off of firecrackers to festival days.
(b)
There is no denying the fact that setting off firecrackers has been a hotly debated topic in China. People’s opinions differ sharply on this issue. Some hold the positive view. They say that it is an ancient Chinese custom which should be preserved. They also claim that firecrackers make festivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children. Without firecrackers, festivals would become dull and cheerless.
Others, however, hold the opposite view. They maintain that firecrackers should be banned. They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires, which destroy, property, and for injuries suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. They also argue that firecrackers are a waste of money and resources.
Personally, I believe that we should not go to extremes. On the one hand, we should preserve the old custom of letting off firecrackers; on the other hand, we should make it harmless. This can be done by banning firecrackers from public places. In addition, the setting off of firecrackers should be restricted to festival days.
There is no denying the fact that setting off firecrackers has been a hotly debated topic in China. People’s opinions differ sharply on this issue. Some hold the positive view. They say that it is an ancient Chinese custom which should be preserved. They also claim that firecrackers make festivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children. Without firecrackers, festivals would become dull and cheerless.
Others, however, hold the opposite view. They maintain that firecrackers should be banned. They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires, which destroy, property, and for injuries suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. They also argue that firecrackers are a waste of money and resources.
Personally, I believe that we should not go to extremes. On the one hand, we should preserve the old custom of letting off firecrackers; on the other hand, we should make it harmless. This can be done by banning firecrackers from public places. In addition, the setting off of firecrackers should be restricted to festival days.
(c)
There has been much controversy over setting off firecrackers in the past years, with each party owning convincing evidences. Those who are in favor of setting firecrackers claim that it is an ancient Chinese custom that should be preserved. They also argue that firecrackers make festivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children. Without firecrackers, festivals would become cold and cheerless.
On the other hand, there are many people who are of the opinion that firecrackers should be banned. They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires which destroy property, and for injuries suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. Besides, they maintain that firecrackers lead to a waste of money and resources.
Personally, I think that both sides have something right. Actually, firecrackers should be viewed as a two-edged sword, which presents us with both benefits and troubles. But we should not give up eating for fear of choking. The best policy, as I see it, is to maximize their advantages and minimize their unhealthy influence, so that they can benefit us in a better way.
There has been much controversy over setting off firecrackers in the past years, with each party owning convincing evidences. Those who are in favor of setting firecrackers claim that it is an ancient Chinese custom that should be preserved. They also argue that firecrackers make festivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children. Without firecrackers, festivals would become cold and cheerless.
On the other hand, there are many people who are of the opinion that firecrackers should be banned. They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires which destroy property, and for injuries suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. Besides, they maintain that firecrackers lead to a waste of money and resources.
Personally, I think that both sides have something right. Actually, firecrackers should be viewed as a two-edged sword, which presents us with both benefits and troubles. But we should not give up eating for fear of choking. The best policy, as I see it, is to maximize their advantages and minimize their unhealthy influence, so that they can benefit us in a better way.
6. My View on Opportunity
There is no consensus of opinion in society about opportunities. There are some who think that opportunities come only rarely, and only to lucky people. Others argue that opportunities come to everyone from time to time.
Personally, I agree with the latter opinion. It seems to me that various kinds of opportunities are all around us all the time. The secret is to recognize opportunities and to grasp them in time, because they will not come to you of their own accord. For example, my classmates once refused to enter a national chemistry competition, because they thought that they had no chance of winning. But I took this opportunity, and by preparing well I managed to win the first prize.
Now my motto is: Watch out for opportunities, and at all times prepare yourself to take advantage of them.
There is no consensus of opinion in society about opportunities. There are some who think that opportunities come only rarely, and only to lucky people. Others argue that opportunities come to everyone from time to time.
Personally, I agree with the latter opinion. It seems to me that various kinds of opportunities are all around us all the time. The secret is to recognize opportunities and to grasp them in time, because they will not come to you of their own accord. For example, my classmates once refused to enter a national chemistry competition, because they thought that they had no chance of winning. But I took this opportunity, and by preparing well I managed to win the first prize.
Now my motto is: Watch out for opportunities, and at all times prepare yourself to take advantage of them.
（二） 解决问题型
7. Reduce Waste on Campus
(a)
Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that wasting has become a grave problem in many campuses. In the dining hall, much food are left in the plates and dumped into the trash can. In the classroom, blank or half blank pieces of paper are left on the desks. In the dorm building, taps are left open and water left running or dripping all the time. And there can be more such examples.
In view of the expanding population and the shortage of various resources, wasting is really a harmful habit. It put strains on the already short supply of food, water, electricity and the like. Besides, it goes against traditional virtue of hard work and simple living and may leads to a luxurious life style, which is dangerous to the souls of mankind.
Therefore, it is high time that we take steps to stop wasting. We should start from trifles around ourselves: remember to turn off the tap when we finish washing; try to order the exact amount of food we can consume; never throw away any blank or half blank pieces of paper. And always remember, a penny saved is a penny earned.
7. Reduce Waste on Campus
(a)
Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that wasting has become a grave problem in many campuses. In the dining hall, much food are left in the plates and dumped into the trash can. In the classroom, blank or half blank pieces of paper are left on the desks. In the dorm building, taps are left open and water left running or dripping all the time. And there can be more such examples.
In view of the expanding population and the shortage of various resources, wasting is really a harmful habit. It put strains on the already short supply of food, water, electricity and the like. Besides, it goes against traditional virtue of hard work and simple living and may leads to a luxurious life style, which is dangerous to the souls of mankind.
Therefore, it is high time that we take steps to stop wasting. We should start from trifles around ourselves: remember to turn off the tap when we finish washing; try to order the exact amount of food we can consume; never throw away any blank or half blank pieces of paper. And always remember, a penny saved is a penny earned.
(b)
Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that wasting has been a grave problem with which we are confronted. Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list: in the dining hall, much food are left in the plates and dumped into the trash can; in the classroom, blank pieces of paper are left on the desks; in the dorm building, taps are left open and water left running all the time.
Wasting is bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to it. First and foremost, it put strains on the already short supply of food, water, electricity and the like. Besides, it goes against traditional virtue of hard work and simple living and may leads to a luxurious life style, which is dangerous to the souls of mankind.
In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be taken before things get worse. First, it is essential that regulations be worked out and enforced to ban wasting. Secondly, students should enhance their awareness of saving resources. With proper laws and an alert public, it will only be a matter of time for wasting to become a thing of the past.
Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that wasting has been a grave problem with which we are confronted. Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list: in the dining hall, much food are left in the plates and dumped into the trash can; in the classroom, blank pieces of paper are left on the desks; in the dorm building, taps are left open and water left running all the time.
Wasting is bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to it. First and foremost, it put strains on the already short supply of food, water, electricity and the like. Besides, it goes against traditional virtue of hard work and simple living and may leads to a luxurious life style, which is dangerous to the souls of mankind.
In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be taken before things get worse. First, it is essential that regulations be worked out and enforced to ban wasting. Secondly, students should enhance their awareness of saving resources. With proper laws and an alert public, it will only be a matter of time for wasting to become a thing of the past.
8. How I Finance My College Education
(a)
Nowadays, if we want to go to college, we will have to pay a big sum of money. It's a problem to many students. Many ways can contribute to solve this serious problem. But the following ones may be the most effective. First, you can ask your parents for help if they have nice careers. Another way to solve this problem is to apply for a bank loan. Finally, we can find a part time job to get enough money.
As to me, I'm in favor of the second idea. My reasons of choice can be listed as follows. First of all, my parents are not rich enough to afford me. Secondly, you'll not have enough time and energy to study after finishing the part time job. Finally, I'm sure that I'll get a nice job after graduation. Then I'll be able to pay back the loan.
Through the analysis above, I believe that bank loan is my best choice.
(a)
Nowadays, if we want to go to college, we will have to pay a big sum of money. It's a problem to many students. Many ways can contribute to solve this serious problem. But the following ones may be the most effective. First, you can ask your parents for help if they have nice careers. Another way to solve this problem is to apply for a bank loan. Finally, we can find a part time job to get enough money.
As to me, I'm in favor of the second idea. My reasons of choice can be listed as follows. First of all, my parents are not rich enough to afford me. Secondly, you'll not have enough time and energy to study after finishing the part time job. Finally, I'm sure that I'll get a nice job after graduation. Then I'll be able to pay back the loan.
Through the analysis above, I believe that bank loan is my best choice.
(b)
Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that college tuition and fees are a grave problem with which many families and students are confronted in China. Taking a look around, we can find many excellent students are denied the chance to go to college due to lack of money.
In view of the seriousness of the situation, effective measures must be taken before things get worse. Actually, the problem can be dealt with in many ways. First, you can ask your parents for help if they have nice careers. Another way to solve this problem is to apply for a bank loan. Finally, we can find a part time job to get enough money.
As to me, I'm in favor of the second idea. My reasons of choice can be listed as follows. First of all, my parents are not rich enough to afford me. Secondly, you'll not have enough time and energy to study after finishing the part time job. Finally, I'm sure that I'll get a nice job after graduation. Then I'll be able to pay back the loan. Through the analysis above, I believe that bank loan is my best choice.
Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that college tuition and fees are a grave problem with which many families and students are confronted in China. Taking a look around, we can find many excellent students are denied the chance to go to college due to lack of money.
In view of the seriousness of the situation, effective measures must be taken before things get worse. Actually, the problem can be dealt with in many ways. First, you can ask your parents for help if they have nice careers. Another way to solve this problem is to apply for a bank loan. Finally, we can find a part time job to get enough money.
As to me, I'm in favor of the second idea. My reasons of choice can be listed as follows. First of all, my parents are not rich enough to afford me. Secondly, you'll not have enough time and energy to study after finishing the part time job. Finally, I'm sure that I'll get a nice job after graduation. Then I'll be able to pay back the loan. Through the analysis above, I believe that bank loan is my best choice.
9. My View on Fake Commodities
Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that fake commodities have been a grave problem with which we are confronted. Fake and shoddy goods flood the market. Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list: pirated editions of books and films, food and drinks of poor quality and the like.
Fake and shoddy goods are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to them. First and foremost, they directly infringe upon consumers’ rights, wasting their money and threatening their health and even lives. Besides, the production and sale of fake goods cause serious losses on the part of honest and lawful producers. Last but not least, the destruction of fake commodities means a grievous waste of the nation’s resources.
In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be taken before things get worse. First, it is essential that laws and regulations be worked out and enforced to ban the manufacture and circulation of fake and shoddy goods. Secondly, the public should enhance their awareness of identifying and refusing sub-standard commodities. With proper laws and an alert public, it will only be a matter of time for fake and shoddy goods to become things of the past. / With these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to believe that the problem will be solved in the near future.
Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that fake commodities have been a grave problem with which we are confronted. Fake and shoddy goods flood the market. Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list: pirated editions of books and films, food and drinks of poor quality and the like.
Fake and shoddy goods are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to them. First and foremost, they directly infringe upon consumers’ rights, wasting their money and threatening their health and even lives. Besides, the production and sale of fake goods cause serious losses on the part of honest and lawful producers. Last but not least, the destruction of fake commodities means a grievous waste of the nation’s resources.
In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be taken before things get worse. First, it is essential that laws and regulations be worked out and enforced to ban the manufacture and circulation of fake and shoddy goods. Secondly, the public should enhance their awareness of identifying and refusing sub-standard commodities. With proper laws and an alert public, it will only be a matter of time for fake and shoddy goods to become things of the past. / With these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to believe that the problem will be solved in the near future.
10. My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements
There is no denying the fact that many commercial advertisements carry undesirable messages. They advertise luxury goods, unhealthy foodstuffs and drinks, and sometimes even dangerous or environmentally harmful products such as motor cars. In addition, they may advertise spiritually harmful publications or entertainment.
Such advertisements are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to them. First, they encourage people to waste money and resources. Moreover, they set a bad example to youngsters, arousing in them the desire for luxuries instead of teaching them the good habit of leading a simple life-style.
In view of the seriousness of the situation, effective measures should be taken before things get worse. For one thing, proper laws and regulations should be worked out and enforced to ban these ads. For another, the pubic should be educated to identify these ads and refuse to buy the products recommended by them. With these measures taken, it will be a matter of time before these ads to become things of the past.
There is no denying the fact that many commercial advertisements carry undesirable messages. They advertise luxury goods, unhealthy foodstuffs and drinks, and sometimes even dangerous or environmentally harmful products such as motor cars. In addition, they may advertise spiritually harmful publications or entertainment.
Such advertisements are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to them. First, they encourage people to waste money and resources. Moreover, they set a bad example to youngsters, arousing in them the desire for luxuries instead of teaching them the good habit of leading a simple life-style.
In view of the seriousness of the situation, effective measures should be taken before things get worse. For one thing, proper laws and regulations should be worked out and enforced to ban these ads. For another, the pubic should be educated to identify these ads and refuse to buy the products recommended by them. With these measures taken, it will be a matter of time before these ads to become things of the past.
11. How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities
The shortage of housing in big cities is one of the most serious problems of modern living. Increasing numbers of people are finding it difficult to conduct normal family and work duties because they either have nowhere to live or their houses are inadequate. This is a problem that requires an urgent solution because it leads to social unrest and economic inefficiency.
Some people suggest that the solution to the problem is to build more high-rise apartments, others are in favor of underground housing areas. I prefer the first idea, because it is cheaper to build above ground than below. Besides, people prefer to live in the open air and see the sunshine.
The second idea is not practical. One reason for this is that it is dangerous to construct living places under streets and buildings. Another reason is that it would take too much time to carry out, and in the meantime the number of people waiting for houses would increase, thus making the problem worse.
The shortage of housing in big cities is one of the most serious problems of modern living. Increasing numbers of people are finding it difficult to conduct normal family and work duties because they either have nowhere to live or their houses are inadequate. This is a problem that requires an urgent solution because it leads to social unrest and economic inefficiency.
Some people suggest that the solution to the problem is to build more high-rise apartments, others are in favor of underground housing areas. I prefer the first idea, because it is cheaper to build above ground than below. Besides, people prefer to live in the open air and see the sunshine.
The second idea is not practical. One reason for this is that it is dangerous to construct living places under streets and buildings. Another reason is that it would take too much time to carry out, and in the meantime the number of people waiting for houses would increase, thus making the problem worse.
12. How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic
Nowadays, China’s cities are getting increasingly crowded. The rapid increase in population is being made worse by the steady influx of people from the rural areas seeking employment. As a result, heavy traffic is a big headache, with all the roads packed with cars, bicycles and pedestrians.
In my opinion, there are two ways to solve the problem. One is to build more and wider roads to make the public highways less crowded and speed up the flow of traffic. The other is to expand the number of public bus routes, so that more people can be transported and fewer people will have to travel by car or bicycle.
However, each of these solutions brings problems with it. The former may occupy too much land that could be used for farms or houses; the latter may cause inconvenience for long periods in bus lines. I think the best answer to the problem of heavy traffic is a combination of the two: build more roads in places where land is less useful, and at the same time increase the number of public bus routes.
Nowadays, China’s cities are getting increasingly crowded. The rapid increase in population is being made worse by the steady influx of people from the rural areas seeking employment. As a result, heavy traffic is a big headache, with all the roads packed with cars, bicycles and pedestrians.
In my opinion, there are two ways to solve the problem. One is to build more and wider roads to make the public highways less crowded and speed up the flow of traffic. The other is to expand the number of public bus routes, so that more people can be transported and fewer people will have to travel by car or bicycle.
However, each of these solutions brings problems with it. The former may occupy too much land that could be used for farms or houses; the latter may cause inconvenience for long periods in bus lines. I think the best answer to the problem of heavy traffic is a combination of the two: build more roads in places where land is less useful, and at the same time increase the number of public bus routes.
（三）谚语警句型
13. Haste Makes Waste
A famous saying goes “Haste makes waste”, which means that one should do everything step by step. Even simple operations can easily be spoiled if we rush to complete them, neglecting important stages in the process. One should make full preparations before beginning any task.
Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list. The best illustration might be English study. Without a good command of pronunciation, we can never hope to speak in an understandable way. Similarly, if we do not learn to spell properly and to acquire a basic grasp of grammar, we will never succeed in writing good compositions.
(或Actually, history abounds with examples of haste making waste. A well-known Chinese fable goes that a farm tried to help the shoots grow by pulling them upward, only to find that they died soon. Another case in point is the so-called Great Leap Forward movement in China in 1950’s and 1960’s. At that time, the Chinese people were so eager to develop their economy that they took some improper measures, only to hinder the expansion of economy.)
(或Here I can think of no better illustration of the proverb than the experience of my own. At the age of 11 or 12, I began to learn to ride. Eager to ride as well as others, I started by sitting on the saddle at the very beginning. Predictably, I often fell from over the bike. Lots of time had been wasted before I realized that I should do it step by step. I tried to slide by standing on one pedal. Then I began to ride the bike from under the cross bar. Finally, I succeeded. )
In short, laying a solid foundation is essential if we want to make achievements in our studies or work, or indeed in any other aspect of our lives. At every step, review what has been achieved and assess the problems ahead before moving to the next step. And remember, Rome was not built in a day.
13. Haste Makes Waste
A famous saying goes “Haste makes waste”, which means that one should do everything step by step. Even simple operations can easily be spoiled if we rush to complete them, neglecting important stages in the process. One should make full preparations before beginning any task.
Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list. The best illustration might be English study. Without a good command of pronunciation, we can never hope to speak in an understandable way. Similarly, if we do not learn to spell properly and to acquire a basic grasp of grammar, we will never succeed in writing good compositions.
(或Actually, history abounds with examples of haste making waste. A well-known Chinese fable goes that a farm tried to help the shoots grow by pulling them upward, only to find that they died soon. Another case in point is the so-called Great Leap Forward movement in China in 1950’s and 1960’s. At that time, the Chinese people were so eager to develop their economy that they took some improper measures, only to hinder the expansion of economy.)
(或Here I can think of no better illustration of the proverb than the experience of my own. At the age of 11 or 12, I began to learn to ride. Eager to ride as well as others, I started by sitting on the saddle at the very beginning. Predictably, I often fell from over the bike. Lots of time had been wasted before I realized that I should do it step by step. I tried to slide by standing on one pedal. Then I began to ride the bike from under the cross bar. Finally, I succeeded. )
In short, laying a solid foundation is essential if we want to make achievements in our studies or work, or indeed in any other aspect of our lives. At every step, review what has been achieved and assess the problems ahead before moving to the next step. And remember, Rome was not built in a day.
（四）图表图画型
14. Reading Preferences
It can be seen from the table that popular fiction is most popular with American students, accounting for 65.9% of book circulation in the library. General nonfiction comes next, taking up 18.2%, while books concerning science, technology and education take up only 10.8%. The least preferred category is that of art, literature and poetry, with a circulation rate of merely 5.1%.
A number of factors could account for the reading preferences, but the following are the most critical ones. Firstly, popular fiction is fascinating to the young students. Secondly, books about science and technology are usually too complex and difficult to read. They often contain many special terms which most students can’t understand. Finally, in today’s market economy, much more emphasis is laid on practical and vocational books rather than arts or poetry.
When it comes to me, poetry and art are my favorites. Such kind of books can nourish my mind, broaden my horizons and render me a fresh feeling. Reading a piece of good poetry tends to relieve my burden and lessen my tension, making me more creative and dynamic. It gets me into an imaginary world, fresh and beautiful. I just love it!
14. Reading Preferences
It can be seen from the table that popular fiction is most popular with American students, accounting for 65.9% of book circulation in the library. General nonfiction comes next, taking up 18.2%, while books concerning science, technology and education take up only 10.8%. The least preferred category is that of art, literature and poetry, with a circulation rate of merely 5.1%.
A number of factors could account for the reading preferences, but the following are the most critical ones. Firstly, popular fiction is fascinating to the young students. Secondly, books about science and technology are usually too complex and difficult to read. They often contain many special terms which most students can’t understand. Finally, in today’s market economy, much more emphasis is laid on practical and vocational books rather than arts or poetry.
When it comes to me, poetry and art are my favorites. Such kind of books can nourish my mind, broaden my horizons and render me a fresh feeling. Reading a piece of good poetry tends to relieve my burden and lessen my tension, making me more creative and dynamic. It gets me into an imaginary world, fresh and beautiful. I just love it!
15. Changes in the Ownership of Houses in China
It can be seen from the chart that there have been dramatic changes in the ownership of houses in China in the past 50 years. While the percentage of state-owned houses has dropped from 70% in 1950’s to 20% in 1990’s, that of private houses has soared from 30% to 80% during the same period of time.
A number of factors could account for the change in the chart, but the following are the most critical ones. First, thanks to the policy of reform and opening-up, the nation’s economy has been developing at a considerably high speed in the past decades. Therefore, people have more extra money to improve their housing. Secondly, other relevant state policies and the boom of real estate industry provide citizens with more opportunities to choose their own dwelling places. Last but not least, people have attached greater importance to their quality of life. Thus, more of them have purchased houses in their own favor.
In a word, this chart is a perfect indicator of China’s fast expanding economy and people’s rising standard of life. Although a series of problems have arisen in the process, it is reasonable for us to believe that they can be solved in the near future with effective measures taken by both the government and the public.
It can be seen from the chart that there have been dramatic changes in the ownership of houses in China in the past 50 years. While the percentage of state-owned houses has dropped from 70% in 1950’s to 20% in 1990’s, that of private houses has soared from 30% to 80% during the same period of time.
A number of factors could account for the change in the chart, but the following are the most critical ones. First, thanks to the policy of reform and opening-up, the nation’s economy has been developing at a considerably high speed in the past decades. Therefore, people have more extra money to improve their housing. Secondly, other relevant state policies and the boom of real estate industry provide citizens with more opportunities to choose their own dwelling places. Last but not least, people have attached greater importance to their quality of life. Thus, more of them have purchased houses in their own favor.
In a word, this chart is a perfect indicator of China’s fast expanding economy and people’s rising standard of life. Although a series of problems have arisen in the process, it is reasonable for us to believe that they can be solved in the near future with effective measures taken by both the government and the public.
16. Student Use of Computer
Students tend to use computers more and more frequently nowadays. Reading this chart, we can find that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased sharply. In 1990, it was less than 2 hours; and in 1995, it increased to almost 4 hours, and in 2000, the number soared to 20 hours.
Obviously computers are becoming increasingly popular. There are several reasons for this change. First, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the fast development of the Internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact with friends in remote places through the Internet. Besides, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enables more students to purchase them.
However, there still exist some problems, such as poor quality, out-of-date designs and so on. And how to balance the time between using computers and studying is also a serious problem. Anyhow, we will benefit a lot from computers as long as we use them properly.
Students tend to use computers more and more frequently nowadays. Reading this chart, we can find that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased sharply. In 1990, it was less than 2 hours; and in 1995, it increased to almost 4 hours, and in 2000, the number soared to 20 hours.
Obviously computers are becoming increasingly popular. There are several reasons for this change. First, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the fast development of the Internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact with friends in remote places through the Internet. Besides, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enables more students to purchase them.
However, there still exist some problems, such as poor quality, out-of-date designs and so on. And how to balance the time between using computers and studying is also a serious problem. Anyhow, we will benefit a lot from computers as long as we use them properly.
17. Health Gains in Developing Countries
It can be seen from the chart that there have been dramatic changes in life expectancy and infant mortality in developing countries in the past decades. As the chart shows, people’s life expectancy soared from 40 years old to 60 years old from 1960 to 1990. Meanwhile, infant mortality declined from 200 to 150 deaths per thousand births.
The change in the chart may be attributed to a number of factors, but the following are the most critical ones. First, developing countries’ economy has been developing at a considerably high speed in the past decades. Therefore, people have more extra money to improve their health. Secondly, the advances in medical sciences and boom of medical industry provide citizens with more opportunities to cure their diseases. Last but not least, people have attached greater importance to their quality of life, thus they have spent more money and time to build up their bodies.
In a word, this chart is a perfect indicator of developing nations’ fast expanding economy and people’s rising standard of life. Although a series of problems have arisen in the process, it is reasonable for us to believe that they can be solved in the near future with effective measures taken by both the government and the public.
(或If this trend continues, developing countries will soon approach the developed countries in terms of health care. People will live longer and healthier lives. The result of this will be happier and more productive populations.)
18. Film Is Giving Way to TV
(a)
The latest statistics show that the number of people attending cinemas is getting steadily smaller. At the same time, the number of television viewers is growing at almost the same rate.
Experts say that these two trends are connected in three ways. First, over the past few decades television sets have appeared in almost every home. Second, films very quickly become available on video, and can be shown on the TV screen. Third, it is becoming more expensive to make films, and so the prices of cinema seats are rising.
However, this does not mean the death of the movie industry. There will always be people who prefer to go out to see a film. This is because no matter how good a TV film or video is, it can never be as entertaining as a film shown on the “big screen.”
It can be seen from the chart that there have been dramatic changes in life expectancy and infant mortality in developing countries in the past decades. As the chart shows, people’s life expectancy soared from 40 years old to 60 years old from 1960 to 1990. Meanwhile, infant mortality declined from 200 to 150 deaths per thousand births.
The change in the chart may be attributed to a number of factors, but the following are the most critical ones. First, developing countries’ economy has been developing at a considerably high speed in the past decades. Therefore, people have more extra money to improve their health. Secondly, the advances in medical sciences and boom of medical industry provide citizens with more opportunities to cure their diseases. Last but not least, people have attached greater importance to their quality of life, thus they have spent more money and time to build up their bodies.
In a word, this chart is a perfect indicator of developing nations’ fast expanding economy and people’s rising standard of life. Although a series of problems have arisen in the process, it is reasonable for us to believe that they can be solved in the near future with effective measures taken by both the government and the public.
(或If this trend continues, developing countries will soon approach the developed countries in terms of health care. People will live longer and healthier lives. The result of this will be happier and more productive populations.)
18. Film Is Giving Way to TV
(a)
The latest statistics show that the number of people attending cinemas is getting steadily smaller. At the same time, the number of television viewers is growing at almost the same rate.
Experts say that these two trends are connected in three ways. First, over the past few decades television sets have appeared in almost every home. Second, films very quickly become available on video, and can be shown on the TV screen. Third, it is becoming more expensive to make films, and so the prices of cinema seats are rising.
However, this does not mean the death of the movie industry. There will always be people who prefer to go out to see a film. This is because no matter how good a TV film or video is, it can never be as entertaining as a film shown on the “big screen.”
(b)
Film is giving way to TV. According to an investigation made on the number of film-goers and TV-watchers in a ten-year period (1975-1985), at the end of 1985, the number of film-goers declined sharply to about 15 thousand which accounts for only some 20 percent of what in 1975, the heyday of films. This decline, no doubt, owes to the steadily increasing number of TV-watchers in the same decade.
This, I think, indicates the changing pace in our society. Nowadays, people prefer TV to film largely because they have less chance than their older generation to spend two or three hours in a cinema; they prefer a kind of entertainment which is freer, less time-consuming and thus more efficient. TV just meets their need. This is at least partly if not wholly the reason that attributes to the boom of TV in our generation.
Nevertheless, there are still a number of film-fans nowadays. They claim that as a classical art, film is far more enjoyable than TV. Some of them also want to recall the “true-life” which existed in the “good-past”. All in all, film is still a charming kind of art as it used to be.
Film is giving way to TV. According to an investigation made on the number of film-goers and TV-watchers in a ten-year period (1975-1985), at the end of 1985, the number of film-goers declined sharply to about 15 thousand which accounts for only some 20 percent of what in 1975, the heyday of films. This decline, no doubt, owes to the steadily increasing number of TV-watchers in the same decade.
This, I think, indicates the changing pace in our society. Nowadays, people prefer TV to film largely because they have less chance than their older generation to spend two or three hours in a cinema; they prefer a kind of entertainment which is freer, less time-consuming and thus more efficient. TV just meets their need. This is at least partly if not wholly the reason that attributes to the boom of TV in our generation.
Nevertheless, there are still a number of film-fans nowadays. They claim that as a classical art, film is far more enjoyable than TV. Some of them also want to recall the “true-life” which existed in the “good-past”. All in all, film is still a charming kind of art as it used to be.
19. Car Accidents Declining in Walton City
It can be seen from the graph that the rate of car accidents in Walton City experienced rises and falls in 1990. From January to March last year it increased by 45%. From March to June it dropped by about half the previous rate. From June to August there was a steep rise of 50%. After that, however, there was a steady decrease.
There are several reasons for this improvement, but the following are the most critical ones. First, new traffic regulations have made drivers more careful. Second, more people are using bicycles for transportation. Finally, in the later part of the year good weather made the roads safer to drive on.
I am confident that there will be even fewer car accidents in Walton in the future. First, major roads have been repaired and the number of public buses has been increased in the past few months. Moreover, a traffic safety campaign has made all the local people more aware of the dangers of unsafe driving.
It can be seen from the graph that the rate of car accidents in Walton City experienced rises and falls in 1990. From January to March last year it increased by 45%. From March to June it dropped by about half the previous rate. From June to August there was a steep rise of 50%. After that, however, there was a steady decrease.
There are several reasons for this improvement, but the following are the most critical ones. First, new traffic regulations have made drivers more careful. Second, more people are using bicycles for transportation. Finally, in the later part of the year good weather made the roads safer to drive on.
I am confident that there will be even fewer car accidents in Walton in the future. First, major roads have been repaired and the number of public buses has been increased in the past few months. Moreover, a traffic safety campaign has made all the local people more aware of the dangers of unsafe driving.
（五）应用写作型
20. A Letter to the Editor of a Newspaper
June 20th, 2004
Dear Mr. / Miss Editor,
I am a student from Tsinghua University and I am writing to you about my experience of buying a dictionary and my complaint about the service of a bookstore.
It was about a month ago. I went to a bookstore nearby the university to buy an English dictionary. It was only after I paid for the dictionary and returned to school that I found some pages were missing. But when I went back to the bookstore to tell them about the matter, they said that I should have checked the dictionary before I left the store. According to them, it was my fault and they hold no responsibility for the whole matter.
What I want to say is that sincerity and enthusiasm are vital to the survival of service industries in such a market economy featured by fierce competition. It was quite easy for them to change the dictionary for me but they refused to do so. They will lose all customers if they persist in doing so. I hope that this letter can draw the attention of the whole society and that the problem can be solved as soon as possible.
Best regards.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
20. A Letter to the Editor of a Newspaper
June 20th, 2004
Dear Mr. / Miss Editor,
I am a student from Tsinghua University and I am writing to you about my experience of buying a dictionary and my complaint about the service of a bookstore.
It was about a month ago. I went to a bookstore nearby the university to buy an English dictionary. It was only after I paid for the dictionary and returned to school that I found some pages were missing. But when I went back to the bookstore to tell them about the matter, they said that I should have checked the dictionary before I left the store. According to them, it was my fault and they hold no responsibility for the whole matter.
What I want to say is that sincerity and enthusiasm are vital to the survival of service industries in such a market economy featured by fierce competition. It was quite easy for them to change the dictionary for me but they refused to do so. They will lose all customers if they persist in doing so. I hope that this letter can draw the attention of the whole society and that the problem can be solved as soon as possible.
Best regards.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
21. A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus
January 12th, 2002
Dear Mr. President,
I am a sophomore from Department 3 and I am writing to you about the food and service in the canteen on campus.
To be frank, I am rather disappointed at the food quality, price and service in the canteen. First, the dishes are scarcely well cooked and most of them taste the same. Secondly, most of the dishes there are priced so high that some students cannot even afford them. Thirdly, the service in the canteen is far from satisfying and the inside of the canteen always seem untidy.
To solve the problem, I suggest that another canteen be built and a mechanism of competition be introduced between the old and the new. Besides, both the canteens should be subject to the students' supervision.
Dining is an everyday issue for students. It may affect their academic performance. Therefore, I sincerely hope this letter can draw your attention to the matter and I hope the problems mentioned above can be solved as soon as possible.
Best regards.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
January 12th, 2002
Dear Mr. President,
I am a sophomore from Department 3 and I am writing to you about the food and service in the canteen on campus.
To be frank, I am rather disappointed at the food quality, price and service in the canteen. First, the dishes are scarcely well cooked and most of them taste the same. Secondly, most of the dishes there are priced so high that some students cannot even afford them. Thirdly, the service in the canteen is far from satisfying and the inside of the canteen always seem untidy.
To solve the problem, I suggest that another canteen be built and a mechanism of competition be introduced between the old and the new. Besides, both the canteens should be subject to the students' supervision.
Dining is an everyday issue for students. It may affect their academic performance. Therefore, I sincerely hope this letter can draw your attention to the matter and I hope the problems mentioned above can be solved as soon as possible.
Best regards.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
22.
June 28, 2001
Dear Xiao Wang,
I’m thrilled to receive your letter on May 10th, in which you suggested our spending a week together here in Beijing. I do think it’s a fantastic idea and I believe we’ll have a good time together.
As to the arrangement of the holiday, I suggest the following activities. For the first three days I will show you around our campus and some places of interest downtown Beijing, such as the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven and the Summer Palace. For the following two days, we will visit the Great Wall, the Ming Tombs and other historic sites around the city. In the last two days, we will be back in the city and tour some famous business streets, where you can do some shopping. What do you say?
It will be quite hot here in Beijing, so remember to get prepared for the weather. And, last but not least, don’t forget to bring your camera with you, for you will find so many scenes worth photographing here. I will be longing for your arrival.
Best wishes.
Yours truly,
Zhang Ying
June 28, 2001
Dear Xiao Wang,
I’m thrilled to receive your letter on May 10th, in which you suggested our spending a week together here in Beijing. I do think it’s a fantastic idea and I believe we’ll have a good time together.
As to the arrangement of the holiday, I suggest the following activities. For the first three days I will show you around our campus and some places of interest downtown Beijing, such as the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven and the Summer Palace. For the following two days, we will visit the Great Wall, the Ming Tombs and other historic sites around the city. In the last two days, we will be back in the city and tour some famous business streets, where you can do some shopping. What do you say?
It will be quite hot here in Beijing, so remember to get prepared for the weather. And, last but not least, don’t forget to bring your camera with you, for you will find so many scenes worth photographing here. I will be longing for your arrival.
Best wishes.
Yours truly,
Zhang Ying
（六）其他范文
23. Don't Hesitate to Say No
As a general rule, people like to help others, but there are occasions when you should say no to requests for favors. For instance, it is better to refuse when a child pesters you for sweet food and drinks or for too many toys. Another example is when a relative asks you to use your influence to get him or her a bank loan or a work promotion.
However, we cannot ignore the fact that many people are reluctant to say no. They feel that if they turn down a request from a relative or friend, they will cause ill-feeling within the family or become unpopular with their acquaintances. A notable case in point is when the boss asks them to do something which they feel is unreasonable.
It is important to keep in mind that not saying no when you should say no can sometimes have harmful consequences. If children are given everything they ask for, not only may their health be damaged, but they may grow up selfish and spoilt. Again, in the long run it is kinder to refuse to lend money to a person who has a gambling or alcoholism problem.
23. Don't Hesitate to Say No
As a general rule, people like to help others, but there are occasions when you should say no to requests for favors. For instance, it is better to refuse when a child pesters you for sweet food and drinks or for too many toys. Another example is when a relative asks you to use your influence to get him or her a bank loan or a work promotion.
However, we cannot ignore the fact that many people are reluctant to say no. They feel that if they turn down a request from a relative or friend, they will cause ill-feeling within the family or become unpopular with their acquaintances. A notable case in point is when the boss asks them to do something which they feel is unreasonable.
It is important to keep in mind that not saying no when you should say no can sometimes have harmful consequences. If children are given everything they ask for, not only may their health be damaged, but they may grow up selfish and spoilt. Again, in the long run it is kinder to refuse to lend money to a person who has a gambling or alcoholism problem.
24. The Career I Pursue
Unlike many other college students, I thought long and hard about my future before embarking on my studies. I then sought advice from my teachers and my parents about the best life path for me to choose. Finally, I settled on journalism as the career which would best suit my temperament.
Although the financial rewards has two particular attractions for me. First, by supplying people with the information they need every day, it fulfills a socially useful function. Second, it is a job full of novelty, unlike most occupations, which involve simply routine work.
In order to prepare myself for my future career in the world of the media—whether it be working for a newspaper or a magazine, or in the sphere of radio and television—I have carefully selected my college course. My basic fields of study are Mass Communications and Economics. At the same time, having an eye to reporting events worldwide, I am taking extra classes to improve my English and reading widely to increase my general knowledge.
Unlike many other college students, I thought long and hard about my future before embarking on my studies. I then sought advice from my teachers and my parents about the best life path for me to choose. Finally, I settled on journalism as the career which would best suit my temperament.
Although the financial rewards has two particular attractions for me. First, by supplying people with the information they need every day, it fulfills a socially useful function. Second, it is a job full of novelty, unlike most occupations, which involve simply routine work.
In order to prepare myself for my future career in the world of the media—whether it be working for a newspaper or a magazine, or in the sphere of radio and television—I have carefully selected my college course. My basic fields of study are Mass Communications and Economics. At the same time, having an eye to reporting events worldwide, I am taking extra classes to improve my English and reading widely to increase my general knowledge.
25. Motorcycles and City Traffic
In recent years, the number of motorcycles on city roads in china has been increasing. This is because they are a cheap of transportation for people in a country where motor cars are expensive for most families. In addition, motorcycles are convenient for driving and parking on crowded city streets.
However, motorcycles have disadvantages too. They pollute the atmosphere with smoke and noise. They are also a more dangerous from of transportation than motor cars, because the motorcycle is less stable and there is little protection for the driver in the case of an accident.
It seems to me that city governments should restrict the number of motorcycles allowed on the roads. This would limit the pollution they cause, but at the same time help to relieve traffic congestion. There should be a balance between the advantages and disadvantages of the motorcycle as a form of city transport.
26.Looking Forward to the 21st Century
I am eagerly waiting the arrival of the 21st century, because it promises exciting new developments in science and technology. First of all, it is likely that telecommunications will expand by leaps and bounds. Secondly, more progress will be made in medicine, and thirdly the coming century will see mankind really come to grips with environmental pollution.
As far as communications is concerned, e-mail and the Internet will probably become available all over the globe, enhancing mutual understanding and making wars less frequent. Advances in medicine will enable us to live longer and healthier lives, and science and technology will provide more tools for tackling the pollution problem.
However, there will be new challenges to face in the new century. Population will continue to grow, putting pressure on the food supply. Moreover, there is a danger that people will become too dependent on machines to look after them, leading to a weakening of their spiritual lives.
I intend to prepare myself for the 21st century by keeping abreast of the latest developments in science and technology. But at the same time, I will not neglect cultural pursuits.
I am eagerly waiting the arrival of the 21st century, because it promises exciting new developments in science and technology. First of all, it is likely that telecommunications will expand by leaps and bounds. Secondly, more progress will be made in medicine, and thirdly the coming century will see mankind really come to grips with environmental pollution.
As far as communications is concerned, e-mail and the Internet will probably become available all over the globe, enhancing mutual understanding and making wars less frequent. Advances in medicine will enable us to live longer and healthier lives, and science and technology will provide more tools for tackling the pollution problem.
However, there will be new challenges to face in the new century. Population will continue to grow, putting pressure on the food supply. Moreover, there is a danger that people will become too dependent on machines to look after them, leading to a weakening of their spiritual lives.
I intend to prepare myself for the 21st century by keeping abreast of the latest developments in science and technology. But at the same time, I will not neglect cultural pursuits.
27.Man Is to Survive
The human race is facing problems which are getting more acute as time goes on. The most serious are shortages of resources, environmental pollution, and the pressure of population growth. In turn, these problems cause poverty, disease and wars.
Pessimists say that the human race is facing extinction. This is because it is now too late to solve these problems, according to them. They predict that resources will become exhausted sooner or later, that pollution will eventually poison the planet, and that unchecked population growth will cause mass starvation.
But I do not agree that mankind is doomed. In the past, the human race has always shown that it has the wisdom to overcome any threat to its survival. In the future, too, mankind will survive by using its wisdom to find a way out of its problems.
The human race is facing problems which are getting more acute as time goes on. The most serious are shortages of resources, environmental pollution, and the pressure of population growth. In turn, these problems cause poverty, disease and wars.
Pessimists say that the human race is facing extinction. This is because it is now too late to solve these problems, according to them. They predict that resources will become exhausted sooner or later, that pollution will eventually poison the planet, and that unchecked population growth will cause mass starvation.
But I do not agree that mankind is doomed. In the past, the human race has always shown that it has the wisdom to overcome any threat to its survival. In the future, too, mankind will survive by using its wisdom to find a way out of its problems.
28. How to Succeed in a Job Interview?
It is undeniable that an interview plays a critical role in job-hunting. Through the interview, an employer can meet their future employees in person and know them more thoroughly. Sometimes the written form of examination cannot reveal candidates' real talents or problems. Besides, it is also beneficial for candidates to take an interview. They will have a chance to make their employers understand them better.
A number of factors contribute to the success in a job interview. Personally, I think job-hunters should pay attention to the following points. First, they should be well prepared professionally. That means they should be ready to answer all the important questions concerning their future job. Secondly, they should express themselves confidently and honestly. Last but not least, they should pay enough attention to their appearances, that is, they should be properly dressed.
As far as I am concerned, I will get academically ready first, and then be relaxed to answer all the questions. I will also dress up and behave properly. I do believe that so long as I make good preparations, I will perform well in the interview.
It is undeniable that an interview plays a critical role in job-hunting. Through the interview, an employer can meet their future employees in person and know them more thoroughly. Sometimes the written form of examination cannot reveal candidates' real talents or problems. Besides, it is also beneficial for candidates to take an interview. They will have a chance to make their employers understand them better.
A number of factors contribute to the success in a job interview. Personally, I think job-hunters should pay attention to the following points. First, they should be well prepared professionally. That means they should be ready to answer all the important questions concerning their future job. Secondly, they should express themselves confidently and honestly. Last but not least, they should pay enough attention to their appearances, that is, they should be properly dressed.
As far as I am concerned, I will get academically ready first, and then be relaxed to answer all the questions. I will also dress up and behave properly. I do believe that so long as I make good preparations, I will perform well in the interview.
五、冠词用法讲练
（一）冠词的位置
1) 在名词词组中，冠词一般放在最前面。例如：
the last few days a really good concert
2) 名词词组里如果有all, both, exactly, just, many, quite, rather, such, what等词，这类词可以放在冠词之前。例如：
all the time both (the) brothers
exactly the wrong colour just the right place
quite a nice day rather a mess
such a funny story
3) 和as, how／however, so, too连用时, 形容词放在冠词之前。例如：
He’s not so big a fool as you think.
She’s as clever a girl as you’re ever likely to meet.
This is too heavy a bag for me to carry.
How large an armchair did he have?
However tiring a day she may have, she never loses her good humour.
（一）冠词的位置
1) 在名词词组中，冠词一般放在最前面。例如：
the last few days a really good concert
2) 名词词组里如果有all, both, exactly, just, many, quite, rather, such, what等词，这类词可以放在冠词之前。例如：
all the time both (the) brothers
exactly the wrong colour just the right place
quite a nice day rather a mess
such a funny story
3) 和as, how／however, so, too连用时, 形容词放在冠词之前。例如：
He’s not so big a fool as you think.
She’s as clever a girl as you’re ever likely to meet.
This is too heavy a bag for me to carry.
How large an armchair did he have?
However tiring a day she may have, she never loses her good humour.
（二）不定冠词 (Indefinite Article)
1) a／an表示“任何一个(类)”，只能用于单数可数名词前。例如：
We are having a committee meeting this afternoon.
a／an不用于不可数名词前。例如：
There will be discussion and argument at the meeting.
He drinks milk every day.
2) 不可数名词用作可数名词时，可用a／an。例如：
I’ve just bought a lovely big Danish cheese.
I don’t like cheese.
She was inspired with a new courage.
She showed great courage.
3) 用于表示价格、速度、比率等名词前，如five pence a kilo, sixty kilometers an hour, four times a day等。
4) 用于下列这样的固定短语中。如a couple, a dozen, half a dozen, a hundred, a lot of, a great many, a great deal of, a large amount／quantity of, a good number of 等。
I’ve done a great deal of work today. (不可数)
What a large number of books you have! (可数)
It’s a good five miles(=at least five miles, perhaps mote) to the station.
5) 以元音开头的单词前不定冠词用an, 如：an apple, an egg, an item, an old man, an umbrella, an hour; 以辅音开头的单词前不定冠词用a university student, a humorous man。
1) a／an表示“任何一个(类)”，只能用于单数可数名词前。例如：
We are having a committee meeting this afternoon.
a／an不用于不可数名词前。例如：
There will be discussion and argument at the meeting.
He drinks milk every day.
2) 不可数名词用作可数名词时，可用a／an。例如：
I’ve just bought a lovely big Danish cheese.
I don’t like cheese.
She was inspired with a new courage.
She showed great courage.
3) 用于表示价格、速度、比率等名词前，如five pence a kilo, sixty kilometers an hour, four times a day等。
4) 用于下列这样的固定短语中。如a couple, a dozen, half a dozen, a hundred, a lot of, a great many, a great deal of, a large amount／quantity of, a good number of 等。
I’ve done a great deal of work today. (不可数)
What a large number of books you have! (可数)
It’s a good five miles(=at least five miles, perhaps mote) to the station.
5) 以元音开头的单词前不定冠词用an, 如：an apple, an egg, an item, an old man, an umbrella, an hour; 以辅音开头的单词前不定冠词用a university student, a humorous man。
EXERCISE l
A. Put a or an before each of the following:
1. motel (汽车游客旅馆) 2. unusual approach
3. honest boy 4. awkward situation
5. exit (出口) 6. urgent message
7. unique opportunity 8. extremely exciting film
B．Translate the following into English：
1．一座新办公楼 2．一位旅行社代理人
3．一位美国科学家 4．一天的郊游
5．一张印度邮票 6．一次心脏病发作
7．一个先进国家 8．一个有意思的剧本
A. Put a or an before each of the following:
1. motel (汽车游客旅馆) 2. unusual approach
3. honest boy 4. awkward situation
5. exit (出口) 6. urgent message
7. unique opportunity 8. extremely exciting film
B．Translate the following into English：
1．一座新办公楼 2．一位旅行社代理人
3．一位美国科学家 4．一天的郊游
5．一张印度邮票 6．一次心脏病发作
7．一个先进国家 8．一个有意思的剧本
EXERCISE 2
Fill in the blanks with a or an where necessary:
1. Telephone is very important means of communication.
2. Mothers often tell small children stories before bedtime.
3. I'll pay you thousand year. It’s not enormous salary but after all you are completely unskilled worker.
4. —You’11 get shock if you touch live wire with that screwdriver(螺丝起子). Why don’t you get screwdriver with insulated(绝缘的)handle?
5. — I’m not wage-earner; I’m self-employed man. I have business of my own.
—Then you’re not worker; You’re capitalist!
6. —I have hour and half for lunch.
—I only have half hour — barely time for smoke and cup of coffee.
7. It travels at just under thousand miles hour.
8. I have never known such hot weather.
EXERCISE 3
Insert a or an where necessary:
A．
1. I had very bad night; I didn’t sleep wink (眨眼；打盹).
2. This man has honesty that we all appreciated.
3. Mr. Brown had vision of new and happier Europe.
4. It’s time you had holiday. You haven’t had day off for month.
5. There is hourly service of buses in this route.
6. It is great honour to be invited to such gathering.
7. 1 wouldn’t climb mountain for $ 1, 000! I have horror of heights.
8. Children usually learn the difference between right and wrong at early age.
9. I can’t tell you definitely yet. I'll have word with my wife about it and tell you our decision tomorrow.
10. If boy is not making satisfactory progress at school, his parents should seek advice from his teacher.
B．
1. This is big problem, but not too big problem for us to solve.
2. He had square nose, grey hair and brown skin. She had never seen so handsome man.
3. However great disaster he suffered, John never gave up.
4. Many shipwrecked sailor has been rescued by our brave coastguards(海岸警卫队).
5. Such urgent need requires prompt action.
6. So urgent need requires prompt action.
7. This is as lovely picture as I have ever seen.
8. I don’t think you realize what serious crisis this is.
9. You can hardly hope to succeed where many greater man has failed.
10. How serious crime had been committed was not realized until much later.
Fill in the blanks with a or an where necessary:
1. Telephone is very important means of communication.
2. Mothers often tell small children stories before bedtime.
3. I'll pay you thousand year. It’s not enormous salary but after all you are completely unskilled worker.
4. —You’11 get shock if you touch live wire with that screwdriver(螺丝起子). Why don’t you get screwdriver with insulated(绝缘的)handle?
5. — I’m not wage-earner; I’m self-employed man. I have business of my own.
—Then you’re not worker; You’re capitalist!
6. —I have hour and half for lunch.
—I only have half hour — barely time for smoke and cup of coffee.
7. It travels at just under thousand miles hour.
8. I have never known such hot weather.
EXERCISE 3
Insert a or an where necessary:
A．
1. I had very bad night; I didn’t sleep wink (眨眼；打盹).
2. This man has honesty that we all appreciated.
3. Mr. Brown had vision of new and happier Europe.
4. It’s time you had holiday. You haven’t had day off for month.
5. There is hourly service of buses in this route.
6. It is great honour to be invited to such gathering.
7. 1 wouldn’t climb mountain for $ 1, 000! I have horror of heights.
8. Children usually learn the difference between right and wrong at early age.
9. I can’t tell you definitely yet. I'll have word with my wife about it and tell you our decision tomorrow.
10. If boy is not making satisfactory progress at school, his parents should seek advice from his teacher.
B．
1. This is big problem, but not too big problem for us to solve.
2. He had square nose, grey hair and brown skin. She had never seen so handsome man.
3. However great disaster he suffered, John never gave up.
4. Many shipwrecked sailor has been rescued by our brave coastguards(海岸警卫队).
5. Such urgent need requires prompt action.
6. So urgent need requires prompt action.
7. This is as lovely picture as I have ever seen.
8. I don’t think you realize what serious crisis this is.
9. You can hardly hope to succeed where many greater man has failed.
10. How serious crime had been committed was not realized until much later.
（三）定冠词 (Definite Article)
1) 定冠词的基本特性
实际上所有名词（专有名词将另行讨论）前都可能用定冠词the。究竟用不用定冠词，主要取决于我们所表达的思想。如果我们要给予某个名词以明确的、限定的、特指的意义，就用the；反之，就不用the。请看下列句子：
1 2
I love books. Put the books on the shelf.
Butter is not cheap. The butter I bought is not cheap.
He went to work by car. He rode to work in the new car.
He has gained strength. He has regained the strength he lost.
I like music. I like the music composed by the young man.
a) 一般用于带有修饰语的名词词组前，但并非所有带修饰语的名词都需要the。例如：
Don’t you think Georgian houses are absolutely lovely?
Stainless steel (不锈钢器皿) has many uses.
I can’t say I care for modern art.
上面三句中斜体部分的名词虽然都有修饰语，因没有明确限定而是泛指一类事物，故不用the。下面三句斜体部分的名词则表示提到过的，特指的事物，要用the：
The Georgian houses have been sold.
The stainless steel was beautiful, but I thought most of the glass （玻璃器皿） they exhibited was rather unimaginative.
They showed a wonderful selection of the impressionists, but the modern art was too limited in its range.
b) 也用于有后置修饰语的名词词组前。例如：
The old houses which are most worth visiting are in the Imperial City.
The steel of the gun barrels has gone rusty.
The art of the eighteenth century has never been surpassed（超过）．
上面三句中的形容词从句和介词短语明确了是什么样的房子（what houses），什么样的钢（what steel）和什么样的艺术 （what art），故用the。下面三句同样有形容词从句和介词短语修饰名词，但是它们只指这些名词属于某一类事物，并非特指，故不用the。例如：
Houses which fail to satisfy these minimum requirements are to be pulled down.
Steel of great strength is needed for the manufacture of guns.
Art in the eighteenth century probably played a more important part in people’s lives than it does today.
1) 定冠词的基本特性
实际上所有名词（专有名词将另行讨论）前都可能用定冠词the。究竟用不用定冠词，主要取决于我们所表达的思想。如果我们要给予某个名词以明确的、限定的、特指的意义，就用the；反之，就不用the。请看下列句子：
1 2
I love books. Put the books on the shelf.
Butter is not cheap. The butter I bought is not cheap.
He went to work by car. He rode to work in the new car.
He has gained strength. He has regained the strength he lost.
I like music. I like the music composed by the young man.
a) 一般用于带有修饰语的名词词组前，但并非所有带修饰语的名词都需要the。例如：
Don’t you think Georgian houses are absolutely lovely?
Stainless steel (不锈钢器皿) has many uses.
I can’t say I care for modern art.
上面三句中斜体部分的名词虽然都有修饰语，因没有明确限定而是泛指一类事物，故不用the。下面三句斜体部分的名词则表示提到过的，特指的事物，要用the：
The Georgian houses have been sold.
The stainless steel was beautiful, but I thought most of the glass （玻璃器皿） they exhibited was rather unimaginative.
They showed a wonderful selection of the impressionists, but the modern art was too limited in its range.
b) 也用于有后置修饰语的名词词组前。例如：
The old houses which are most worth visiting are in the Imperial City.
The steel of the gun barrels has gone rusty.
The art of the eighteenth century has never been surpassed（超过）．
上面三句中的形容词从句和介词短语明确了是什么样的房子（what houses），什么样的钢（what steel）和什么样的艺术 （what art），故用the。下面三句同样有形容词从句和介词短语修饰名词，但是它们只指这些名词属于某一类事物，并非特指，故不用the。例如：
Houses which fail to satisfy these minimum requirements are to be pulled down.
Steel of great strength is needed for the manufacture of guns.
Art in the eighteenth century probably played a more important part in people’s lives than it does today.
EXERCISE 4
Fill in the blanks with the where necessary:
1. The engineers found that steel was of insufficiently high quality. Steel, I suppose, is the most important single product of the modern industrial world.
2. Large forests can have an important influence on climate.
Forests have all been cut down.
3. Nature was probably his chief source of inspiration （灵感，鼓舞）.
Nature of the problem was such as to arouse his interest.
4. Education of little children has been greatly neglected.
Public education must be greatly extended.
5. The exploration（探索）of space has become one of the chief topics of science fiction（科幻小说）.
Space between the table and the wall was just big enough for a small bed.
6. I prefer classical music to pop music.
Film wasn’t very good but I liked music.
7. My favourite subject at school was history.
All students should know something about history of their own country.
8. I cannot judge accuracy of your calculations（计算）.
In mathematics accuracy is essential.
Fill in the blanks with the where necessary:
1. The engineers found that steel was of insufficiently high quality. Steel, I suppose, is the most important single product of the modern industrial world.
2. Large forests can have an important influence on climate.
Forests have all been cut down.
3. Nature was probably his chief source of inspiration （灵感，鼓舞）.
Nature of the problem was such as to arouse his interest.
4. Education of little children has been greatly neglected.
Public education must be greatly extended.
5. The exploration（探索）of space has become one of the chief topics of science fiction（科幻小说）.
Space between the table and the wall was just big enough for a small bed.
6. I prefer classical music to pop music.
Film wasn’t very good but I liked music.
7. My favourite subject at school was history.
All students should know something about history of their own country.
8. I cannot judge accuracy of your calculations（计算）.
In mathematics accuracy is essential.
2) 定冠词的主要用法
a) 用于单数名词前，表示“某一类人或物”，以区别于其他人或物。例如：
The tiger is a fierce（凶猛的） animal. （相当于A tiger is a fierce animal.或Tigers are fierce animals.）
In this tribe the woman goes out hunting and the man stays at home to look after the children.
下面三句中的斜体部分不能互换：
Who invented the radio? （指类别）
Who had a radio? （指同类中的任何一个）
Who manufactured radios?（指这一类中的所有个体）
man 指“人类”时，不用the。例如：
Man will conquer nature.
b) 用于指世上独一无二的东西，如 the moon，the sun，the world等。
c) 用于表示“乐器”的名词前，但一般不用于表示“体育运动”的名词前。例如：
Can you play the guitar?
I play football every day.
d) 用于某些形容词前，可表示“一类人”。例如：
The young are impatient；they want changes.
e) 一般不用于表示“疾病”的名词前。例如：
I’m just recovering from rheumatism（风湿病）.
下列病名前一般用a／an：
I have an ache in my head (a pain in the neck).
He has a cold／a fever.
特指时需要用the。例如：
Jim has never really got over the malaria（疟疾）he caught in the East.
f) 一般不用于表示“膳食”的名词前，但有形容词修饰时用the。例如：
Breakfast is served at eight.
The wedding breakfast was held in her father’s house.
如果泛指，用a／an。例如：
He gave us a good breakfast.
g) bed, church, college, court, hospital, market, prison, school, sea和work等名词用来指有关活动时，一般不用冠词。例如：
It’s time for children to go to bed. （指to sleep）
He goes to church every Sunday. （指to pray）
After the crash，seven people were taken to hospital. （指to be cured）
He spent six months in prison. （指to be punished）
After I leave school, I want to go to (a) university. （指to study）
Ken is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea. （指to sail）
注：在美国英语中，通常用a／the hospital，a university。
出于其他目的，如去参观、访问这些地方或谈到这些地方时，根据情况用 a 或 the。
例如：
There is a bed in the room.
She was putting clean sheets on the bed.
The workmen went to the church to repair the roof.
Tom went to the prison to visit his brother.
I would love to live near the sea.
home 单独使用时，无冠词；有修饰语时，用 the 或 a。例如：
She left home.
We went to the bride's home.
I don’t have a home to go to in this city.
h) 当cinema, theatre, radio等名词用于表示“看电影、看戏、听无线电”时，一般要用 the。例如：
We went to the cinema last night.
Do you often go to the theatre?
I heard the news on the radio.
television 用于表示“看电视”时不用 the。例如：
I watched the news on television.
指“电视机”时用the。例如：
Can you turn off the television, please?(=the television set)
注：许多固定词组中的名词前通常没有冠词，需要熟记，如day after day，husband and wife，father and son，lock and key，heaven and hell等。
a) 用于单数名词前，表示“某一类人或物”，以区别于其他人或物。例如：
The tiger is a fierce（凶猛的） animal. （相当于A tiger is a fierce animal.或Tigers are fierce animals.）
In this tribe the woman goes out hunting and the man stays at home to look after the children.
下面三句中的斜体部分不能互换：
Who invented the radio? （指类别）
Who had a radio? （指同类中的任何一个）
Who manufactured radios?（指这一类中的所有个体）
man 指“人类”时，不用the。例如：
Man will conquer nature.
b) 用于指世上独一无二的东西，如 the moon，the sun，the world等。
c) 用于表示“乐器”的名词前，但一般不用于表示“体育运动”的名词前。例如：
Can you play the guitar?
I play football every day.
d) 用于某些形容词前，可表示“一类人”。例如：
The young are impatient；they want changes.
e) 一般不用于表示“疾病”的名词前。例如：
I’m just recovering from rheumatism（风湿病）.
下列病名前一般用a／an：
I have an ache in my head (a pain in the neck).
He has a cold／a fever.
特指时需要用the。例如：
Jim has never really got over the malaria（疟疾）he caught in the East.
f) 一般不用于表示“膳食”的名词前，但有形容词修饰时用the。例如：
Breakfast is served at eight.
The wedding breakfast was held in her father’s house.
如果泛指，用a／an。例如：
He gave us a good breakfast.
g) bed, church, college, court, hospital, market, prison, school, sea和work等名词用来指有关活动时，一般不用冠词。例如：
It’s time for children to go to bed. （指to sleep）
He goes to church every Sunday. （指to pray）
After the crash，seven people were taken to hospital. （指to be cured）
He spent six months in prison. （指to be punished）
After I leave school, I want to go to (a) university. （指to study）
Ken is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea. （指to sail）
注：在美国英语中，通常用a／the hospital，a university。
出于其他目的，如去参观、访问这些地方或谈到这些地方时，根据情况用 a 或 the。
例如：
There is a bed in the room.
She was putting clean sheets on the bed.
The workmen went to the church to repair the roof.
Tom went to the prison to visit his brother.
I would love to live near the sea.
home 单独使用时，无冠词；有修饰语时，用 the 或 a。例如：
She left home.
We went to the bride's home.
I don’t have a home to go to in this city.
h) 当cinema, theatre, radio等名词用于表示“看电影、看戏、听无线电”时，一般要用 the。例如：
We went to the cinema last night.
Do you often go to the theatre?
I heard the news on the radio.
television 用于表示“看电视”时不用 the。例如：
I watched the news on television.
指“电视机”时用the。例如：
Can you turn off the television, please?(=the television set)
注：许多固定词组中的名词前通常没有冠词，需要熟记，如day after day，husband and wife，father and son，lock and key，heaven and hell等。
EXERCISE 5
A．Fill in the blanks with a or the where necessary:
1. After lunch, we went for walk by sea.
2. Steam-engine was invented before internal combustion engine（内燃机）.
3. Bat, they say, judges distances by kind of echo-location.
4. He goes to church every Sunday； church he usually goes to has seats for over thousand.
5. This is most useful reference book I have on this subject.
6. We have good market in town where we buy our fruit and _______ vegetables.
7. Prison in this town is grim-looking building.
8. Youngest boy has just started going to school； eldest boy is at college.
9. Dead no longer need help. We must concern ourselves with living.
10. John became manager and secretary of the company same time.
B．Insert a or the where necessary:
1. Horse is noble animal and faithful servant of man.
2. Chess is game which requires great skill and patience.
3. The stranger went to school to complain about behaviour（行为）of one of pupils.
4. Dinner was good, but I did not enjoy speeches that came after it.
5. An important aspect in developing motivation（动力，促动因素）is setting of goals.
6. —He got bronchitis（支气管炎） and was taken to hospital. I expect they’ll send him home at end of week.
—Have you rung hospital to ask how he is?
7. Didn’t you hear that news over radio this morning?
8. Flute（长笛） is my favourite instrument.
9. We have very good train service from here to city center and most people go to work by train. You can go by bus, too, of course, but you can’t get season ticket on bus.
10. Everywhere man has cut down forests in order to cultivate ground, or to use wood as fuel or as building material.
A．Fill in the blanks with a or the where necessary:
1. After lunch, we went for walk by sea.
2. Steam-engine was invented before internal combustion engine（内燃机）.
3. Bat, they say, judges distances by kind of echo-location.
4. He goes to church every Sunday； church he usually goes to has seats for over thousand.
5. This is most useful reference book I have on this subject.
6. We have good market in town where we buy our fruit and _______ vegetables.
7. Prison in this town is grim-looking building.
8. Youngest boy has just started going to school； eldest boy is at college.
9. Dead no longer need help. We must concern ourselves with living.
10. John became manager and secretary of the company same time.
B．Insert a or the where necessary:
1. Horse is noble animal and faithful servant of man.
2. Chess is game which requires great skill and patience.
3. The stranger went to school to complain about behaviour（行为）of one of pupils.
4. Dinner was good, but I did not enjoy speeches that came after it.
5. An important aspect in developing motivation（动力，促动因素）is setting of goals.
6. —He got bronchitis（支气管炎） and was taken to hospital. I expect they’ll send him home at end of week.
—Have you rung hospital to ask how he is?
7. Didn’t you hear that news over radio this morning?
8. Flute（长笛） is my favourite instrument.
9. We have very good train service from here to city center and most people go to work by train. You can go by bus, too, of course, but you can’t get season ticket on bus.
10. Everywhere man has cut down forests in order to cultivate ground, or to use wood as fuel or as building material.
3) 专用名词前定冠词的主要用法
a) 一般不用于单数人名前，但特指或强调时需用the。例如：
He’s the Mr. Smith I saw yesterday.
也可说：
A Mr. Smith has come here. (=A man called Smith has come here.)
复数人名前需用the，如the Johnsons, the Coopers。
b) 不用于“头衔+人名”前，但有头衔无人名时需用the，以表示特指。例如：
I saw Queen Elizabeth when l was in London。
I saw the Queen when I was in London.
c) 不用于国家、省市等名词前，但由短语组成的国名，或以s结尾的国名前需要用the。例如：
the Philippines the Netherlands
the United States the United Kingdom
注：the Ukraine, the Congo, the Sudan, the Hague为例外。
d) 用于表示国籍、民族的名词前。例如：
the British the Chinese
the Dutch the English
下列名词常用复数形式：
(the) Russians (the) Italians
(the) Arabs (the) Scots
c) 用于表示地区的名词前。例如：
the Middle East the Far East
the north of England (但是：northern England)
f) 不用于街道、建筑等名词前，但有 of 介词短语修饰时，需用the。例如：
Broadway Red Square
the Tower of London the Great Wall of China
Sam lives on l2th Street.
They changed the name of Sixth Avenue to the Avenue of Americas.
g) 用于河流、海洋、群岛、山脉、海峡、海湾名词前。例如：
the Mississippi the Atlantic
the Philippine Islands the Andes
the English Channel the Persian Gulf
但不用于单个岛屿、山峰前。例如：
Sicily (Mount)Etna
h) 不用于大学名称前，但有 of 介词短语修饰时，需用the。例如：
Yale University Oxford University
the University of North Carolina
i) 不用于杂志名词前，但用于报纸名词前。例如：
Newsweek Natural History
the Daily News the Washington Post
a) 一般不用于单数人名前，但特指或强调时需用the。例如：
He’s the Mr. Smith I saw yesterday.
也可说：
A Mr. Smith has come here. (=A man called Smith has come here.)
复数人名前需用the，如the Johnsons, the Coopers。
b) 不用于“头衔+人名”前，但有头衔无人名时需用the，以表示特指。例如：
I saw Queen Elizabeth when l was in London。
I saw the Queen when I was in London.
c) 不用于国家、省市等名词前，但由短语组成的国名，或以s结尾的国名前需要用the。例如：
the Philippines the Netherlands
the United States the United Kingdom
注：the Ukraine, the Congo, the Sudan, the Hague为例外。
d) 用于表示国籍、民族的名词前。例如：
the British the Chinese
the Dutch the English
下列名词常用复数形式：
(the) Russians (the) Italians
(the) Arabs (the) Scots
c) 用于表示地区的名词前。例如：
the Middle East the Far East
the north of England (但是：northern England)
f) 不用于街道、建筑等名词前，但有 of 介词短语修饰时，需用the。例如：
Broadway Red Square
the Tower of London the Great Wall of China
Sam lives on l2th Street.
They changed the name of Sixth Avenue to the Avenue of Americas.
g) 用于河流、海洋、群岛、山脉、海峡、海湾名词前。例如：
the Mississippi the Atlantic
the Philippine Islands the Andes
the English Channel the Persian Gulf
但不用于单个岛屿、山峰前。例如：
Sicily (Mount)Etna
h) 不用于大学名称前，但有 of 介词短语修饰时，需用the。例如：
Yale University Oxford University
the University of North Carolina
i) 不用于杂志名词前，但用于报纸名词前。例如：
Newsweek Natural History
the Daily News the Washington Post
EXERCISE 6
A．Fill in the blanks with the where necessary:
1. Thames, Seine and Rhine are famous rivers.
2. Samuel Johnson who was a professor of Columbia University was not Samuel Johnson who was a famous English writer.
3. Andes are in South America, and Alps are in Europe.
4. Wool of which this suit is made comes from Australian sheep.
5. Wool is one of chief exports from Australia.
6. He remembers London of past and says it was gayer than London of today.
7. Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea are really part of Atlantic Ocean.
8. Macy’s (商店名) is on 34th Street between Broadway and Seventh Avenue.
9. Mr Jenkins reads Daily Telegraph but his wife reads Times.
10. Frank is a student at Liverpool University.
A．Fill in the blanks with the where necessary:
1. Thames, Seine and Rhine are famous rivers.
2. Samuel Johnson who was a professor of Columbia University was not Samuel Johnson who was a famous English writer.
3. Andes are in South America, and Alps are in Europe.
4. Wool of which this suit is made comes from Australian sheep.
5. Wool is one of chief exports from Australia.
6. He remembers London of past and says it was gayer than London of today.
7. Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea are really part of Atlantic Ocean.
8. Macy’s (商店名) is on 34th Street between Broadway and Seventh Avenue.
9. Mr Jenkins reads Daily Telegraph but his wife reads Times.
10. Frank is a student at Liverpool University.
B．Translate the following into English:
1．大英博物馆 2．苏伊士运河 3．这两个词的区别
4．威尔逊一家 5．在第一排 6．1949年 7．在1935年秋天
1．大英博物馆 2．苏伊士运河 3．这两个词的区别
4．威尔逊一家 5．在第一排 6．1949年 7．在1935年秋天
EXERCISE 7
Cross out articles that are unnecessary in the following passage:
The people everywhere in the world might say, “When the strangers do not understand the customs that we follow, they are confused and do not understand what is happening.” The good manners are different in the different parts of the world. In many places, for example, accepting the gifts or anything important with the left hand shows the bad manners and even the rudeness. People with the good manners accept the important things with the both hands or at least with the right hand. Using the left hand to accept the important things shows not only the discourtesy （无礼，失礼） but also shows that the person who is accepting thinks the thing being given is worthless. In the Europe and the North America, however, the people do not follow this custom and give and receive with either hand without thinking about the meaning of what they are doing.
Cross out articles that are unnecessary in the following passage:
The people everywhere in the world might say, “When the strangers do not understand the customs that we follow, they are confused and do not understand what is happening.” The good manners are different in the different parts of the world. In many places, for example, accepting the gifts or anything important with the left hand shows the bad manners and even the rudeness. People with the good manners accept the important things with the both hands or at least with the right hand. Using the left hand to accept the important things shows not only the discourtesy （无礼，失礼） but also shows that the person who is accepting thinks the thing being given is worthless. In the Europe and the North America, however, the people do not follow this custom and give and receive with either hand without thinking about the meaning of what they are doing.
六、标点符号用法讲练
标点符号 (Punctuation Marks) 主要用来明确语句的含义，标示一个句子或句子中各个成分的起止，以及彼此间的语法或语义上的关系。常用的标点符号有：
i) 句号 ( . ) (Period, Full Stop)
ii) 问号 ( ? ) (Interrogation Mark)
iii) 感叹号 ( ! ) (Exclamation Mark)
iv) 逗号( , ) (Comma)
v) 分号( ; ) (Semicolon)
vi) 冒号( : ) (Colon)
vii) 破折号 ( — ) (Dash)
viii) 括号( [ ] ) (Parentheses)
ix) 引号 ( “ ” )(Quotation Marks)
x) 连字号 ( - ) (Hyphen)
xi) 撇号( ’ ) (Apostrophe)
xii) 删节号 (…) (Ellipsis)
上列标点符号，可归纳为三种情况：i) — iii) 用于句尾；iv) — ix) 用于句中；x) —xi)用于词内。最后一个符号常用于引文中，表示删掉一些文字。
标点符号 (Punctuation Marks) 主要用来明确语句的含义，标示一个句子或句子中各个成分的起止，以及彼此间的语法或语义上的关系。常用的标点符号有：
i) 句号 ( . ) (Period, Full Stop)
ii) 问号 ( ? ) (Interrogation Mark)
iii) 感叹号 ( ! ) (Exclamation Mark)
iv) 逗号( , ) (Comma)
v) 分号( ; ) (Semicolon)
vi) 冒号( : ) (Colon)
vii) 破折号 ( — ) (Dash)
viii) 括号( [ ] ) (Parentheses)
ix) 引号 ( “ ” )(Quotation Marks)
x) 连字号 ( - ) (Hyphen)
xi) 撇号( ’ ) (Apostrophe)
xii) 删节号 (…) (Ellipsis)
上列标点符号，可归纳为三种情况：i) — iii) 用于句尾；iv) — ix) 用于句中；x) —xi)用于词内。最后一个符号常用于引文中，表示删掉一些文字。
（一）主要标点符号的用法
1) 逗号 (Comma)
主要用于：
a) 并列的词或句子。例如：
Solids , liquids and gases can be changed from one to another.
From l926 until his death in l953, Thorpe lived a poor , lonely , unhappy life.
There’s only enough room for people to walk in , take one of the eleven inserts , roll them together , slip a rubber band around them and slide them into a plastic bag.
The present is living , the past dead , and the future unknowable.
b) 状语(包括从句，动词-ing形式，独立结构，不定式短语，介词短语等)。例如：
When water is heated , it will be changed into vapour.
John , seeing that his brother was hurt , ran to help him. 或Seeing that his brother was hurt , John ran to help him.
Work is done , even by a force acting at a distance.
To make the trip more exciting for the kids , Oscar kept the destination a secret.
After the heartbreaking experience , Thorpe turned to professional sports.
c) 非限定形容词从句或插入语。例如：
At l0 a.m.we arrived at the railway station , where Jane was waiting for us.
You know , of course , what a phrasal verb is. I needn’t , therefore , explain it now.
d) 呼语、同位语。例如：
George , tell Dick the answer to the question.
He was a direct descendant of the famous warrior chief , Black Hawk.
e) 日期、数字、地址。例如：
Chichester began the greatest voyage of his life in August , 1966.
The voyage from England and back covered 28, 2500 miles.
Please send it to 1932 Hill Road , London S.E. 18.（门牌号和街名间无标点）
f) 姓名（姓在名前面时），非正式信件的抬头或信末署名前的客套语。例如：
Shakespeare , William
Einstein , Albert
Dear Philip ,
Sincerely yours ,
1) 逗号 (Comma)
主要用于：
a) 并列的词或句子。例如：
Solids , liquids and gases can be changed from one to another.
From l926 until his death in l953, Thorpe lived a poor , lonely , unhappy life.
There’s only enough room for people to walk in , take one of the eleven inserts , roll them together , slip a rubber band around them and slide them into a plastic bag.
The present is living , the past dead , and the future unknowable.
b) 状语(包括从句，动词-ing形式，独立结构，不定式短语，介词短语等)。例如：
When water is heated , it will be changed into vapour.
John , seeing that his brother was hurt , ran to help him. 或Seeing that his brother was hurt , John ran to help him.
Work is done , even by a force acting at a distance.
To make the trip more exciting for the kids , Oscar kept the destination a secret.
After the heartbreaking experience , Thorpe turned to professional sports.
c) 非限定形容词从句或插入语。例如：
At l0 a.m.we arrived at the railway station , where Jane was waiting for us.
You know , of course , what a phrasal verb is. I needn’t , therefore , explain it now.
d) 呼语、同位语。例如：
George , tell Dick the answer to the question.
He was a direct descendant of the famous warrior chief , Black Hawk.
e) 日期、数字、地址。例如：
Chichester began the greatest voyage of his life in August , 1966.
The voyage from England and back covered 28, 2500 miles.
Please send it to 1932 Hill Road , London S.E. 18.（门牌号和街名间无标点）
f) 姓名（姓在名前面时），非正式信件的抬头或信末署名前的客套语。例如：
Shakespeare , William
Einstein , Albert
Dear Philip ,
Sincerely yours ,
2) 分号(Semicolon)
主要用于：
a) 两个或两个以上意义有联系的分句中间。例如：
Understanding is a two-way operation ; learning doesn’t consist in being an empty receptacle.
Work is more than a necessity for most human beings ; it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity.
Some farmers were hauling water out to their thirsty stock daily ; others were trying to drill deep wells.
Not only do lies provide the “help” hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception ; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health.
b) 列举事物，尤其是其间有逗号时。例如：
There will be three foreign teachers next term: Miss Ann Smith from Boston, America ; Mr. John Baker from London, England ; and Ms Mary Blake from Sydney, Australia.
主要用于：
a) 两个或两个以上意义有联系的分句中间。例如：
Understanding is a two-way operation ; learning doesn’t consist in being an empty receptacle.
Work is more than a necessity for most human beings ; it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity.
Some farmers were hauling water out to their thirsty stock daily ; others were trying to drill deep wells.
Not only do lies provide the “help” hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception ; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health.
b) 列举事物，尤其是其间有逗号时。例如：
There will be three foreign teachers next term: Miss Ann Smith from Boston, America ; Mr. John Baker from London, England ; and Ms Mary Blake from Sydney, Australia.
3) 冒号(Colon)
主要用于：
a) 列举事物。例如：
That was a tale of two cities : London and Paris.
It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes : first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and second, those whose work and pleasure are one.
b) 注释句之前。例如：
I've just had some good news : I’ve been offered a part-time job in the computer center.
These seat covers are the most durable kind : they are reinforced with double stitching and covered with a heavy plastic coating.
主要用于：
a) 列举事物。例如：
That was a tale of two cities : London and Paris.
It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes : first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and second, those whose work and pleasure are one.
b) 注释句之前。例如：
I've just had some good news : I’ve been offered a part-time job in the computer center.
These seat covers are the most durable kind : they are reinforced with double stitching and covered with a heavy plastic coating.
4) 破折号(Dash)
主要用于：
a) 注释性的词语或句子前；如用于句子中间，前后都要有破折号。例如：
There is a way to decide any question — experiment.
Somewhere or other — I think it is in the preface to Saint Joan — Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages.
b) 补充性的成分。例如：
Life — and death, too — is a cycle that goes round and round. I teach because teaching is a profession built on change. When the material is the same, I change — and more important, my students change.
c) 总括所列举的事物。例如：
The complex operation required new methods for directing the combined endeavors of thousands and thousands of minds, some in government, some in universities, some in private industry — all working together for a common purpose.
d) 突然转折。例如：
One little problem is that a computer can’t laugh yet — but the scientists are working on it.
主要用于：
a) 注释性的词语或句子前；如用于句子中间，前后都要有破折号。例如：
There is a way to decide any question — experiment.
Somewhere or other — I think it is in the preface to Saint Joan — Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages.
b) 补充性的成分。例如：
Life — and death, too — is a cycle that goes round and round. I teach because teaching is a profession built on change. When the material is the same, I change — and more important, my students change.
c) 总括所列举的事物。例如：
The complex operation required new methods for directing the combined endeavors of thousands and thousands of minds, some in government, some in universities, some in private industry — all working together for a common purpose.
d) 突然转折。例如：
One little problem is that a computer can’t laugh yet — but the scientists are working on it.
5) 撇号
a) 用作省略号。例如：o’er ( = over), it’s = (it is).
b) 用作所有格符号。例如：Mary’s handbag, the l990’s。
c) 构成字母、数字或缩写的复数形式。例如：the four a’s。
a) 用作省略号。例如：o’er ( = over), it’s = (it is).
b) 用作所有格符号。例如：Mary’s handbag, the l990’s。
c) 构成字母、数字或缩写的复数形式。例如：the four a’s。
EXERCISE l
Capitalize and punctuate the following:
1．the man’s papers Betty found in the attic established his identity It henry bedell company D 11th vermont volunteers 30 years old
2．it was clear that dad could do no more than he was doing already farming 80 acres in addition to holding a fulltime job
3．now i’m coming to the most important point but what are you doing over there
4．rain snow sleet fog would not trouble the underground world
5．during the summer the resort is crowded with tourists during the winter only sea gulls walk the beach
6．to a certain extent mankind encumbers the earth
7．1ike most wild life deer reproduce grow and store fat in the summer and fall
8．the big fellow was jim thorpe the greatest american athlete of modern times
9．the asparagus were enormous juicy and appetising
10．i was sure our four kids educated about the west through movies would be disappointed
11．i wouldn’t mark a painting or a statue its soul so to speak is inseparable from its beauty
12．the participants of the singing contest included students teachers doctors businessmen factory workers people from all walks of life
13．is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground in new man-made caves
14．i answered by correspondence that i would meet her at beijing hotel on thursday
15．passengers may have one of the four beverages coffee tea milk or soda
16．present at the meeting were mr ho chairman of the english department mr brown a visiting scholar from denmark and all the professors and lecturers who had taught us
17．the suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patients it contributes to the spiral of law suits and of defensive medicine
18．his slight acquaintance with them he had met them only once made him hesitate to ask them for help
Capitalize and punctuate the following:
1．the man’s papers Betty found in the attic established his identity It henry bedell company D 11th vermont volunteers 30 years old
2．it was clear that dad could do no more than he was doing already farming 80 acres in addition to holding a fulltime job
3．now i’m coming to the most important point but what are you doing over there
4．rain snow sleet fog would not trouble the underground world
5．during the summer the resort is crowded with tourists during the winter only sea gulls walk the beach
6．to a certain extent mankind encumbers the earth
7．1ike most wild life deer reproduce grow and store fat in the summer and fall
8．the big fellow was jim thorpe the greatest american athlete of modern times
9．the asparagus were enormous juicy and appetising
10．i was sure our four kids educated about the west through movies would be disappointed
11．i wouldn’t mark a painting or a statue its soul so to speak is inseparable from its beauty
12．the participants of the singing contest included students teachers doctors businessmen factory workers people from all walks of life
13．is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security by building our houses underground in new man-made caves
14．i answered by correspondence that i would meet her at beijing hotel on thursday
15．passengers may have one of the four beverages coffee tea milk or soda
16．present at the meeting were mr ho chairman of the english department mr brown a visiting scholar from denmark and all the professors and lecturers who had taught us
17．the suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patients it contributes to the spiral of law suits and of defensive medicine
18．his slight acquaintance with them he had met them only once made him hesitate to ask them for help
（二）并列句中的标点用法
1) 逗号+并列连词
The clock was old , yet it was in excellent condition.
There was little formality in class , but Mr Stone never had to discipline us.
1) 逗号+并列连词
The clock was old , yet it was in excellent condition.
There was little formality in class , but Mr Stone never had to discipline us.
注：ⅰ）在较短的句子中，逗号可以省略。例如：
Many are called but few are chosen.
然而有时单个词后面也需用标点，否则表示不同的句意。例如：
Again , we lost our way. （而且我们迷路了。）
Again we lost our way. （我们又一次迷路。）
ⅱ）有两个以上分句时，前几个分句之间用逗号，最后两个分句之间用逗号加连词。例如：
The night wind died down , night closed in , the moon came out , and lights came on in the scattered houses.
Many are called but few are chosen.
然而有时单个词后面也需用标点，否则表示不同的句意。例如：
Again , we lost our way. （而且我们迷路了。）
Again we lost our way. （我们又一次迷路。）
ⅱ）有两个以上分句时，前几个分句之间用逗号，最后两个分句之间用逗号加连词。例如：
The night wind died down , night closed in , the moon came out , and lights came on in the scattered houses.
2) 分号
They live on the first floor ; we live on the second. (对比)
Everyone was late ; the snow had caused a traffic jam. (补充说明)
They live on the first floor ; we live on the second. (对比)
Everyone was late ; the snow had caused a traffic jam. (补充说明)
3) 分号+连接性副词+逗号
We didn’t like the choice ; however , we had to accept it.
We didn’t know what to do ; therefore , we did nothing.
适用于这种情况的连接性副词还有：consequently，furthermore，moreover，nevertheless等。
We didn’t like the choice ; however , we had to accept it.
We didn’t know what to do ; therefore , we did nothing.
适用于这种情况的连接性副词还有：consequently，furthermore，moreover，nevertheless等。
注：ⅰ）连接性副词位于句末时，前面一般用逗号，后面用句号。例如：
The new seats in the auditorium are more comfortable; the acoustics are worse , however.
ⅱ) 连接性副词也放在句首，后面用逗号。例如：
I hadn’t read the test very carefully. Therefore , I was surprised that I had done so well.
I hadn’t read the test very carefully ; therefore , I was surprised that I had done so well.
ⅲ) then 和thus后面不用逗号。例如：
The ice cracked and split ; then that boy sank into the bone-chilling water.
The new seats in the auditorium are more comfortable; the acoustics are worse , however.
ⅱ) 连接性副词也放在句首，后面用逗号。例如：
I hadn’t read the test very carefully. Therefore , I was surprised that I had done so well.
I hadn’t read the test very carefully ; therefore , I was surprised that I had done so well.
ⅲ) then 和thus后面不用逗号。例如：
The ice cracked and split ; then that boy sank into the bone-chilling water.
EXERCISE 2
Punctuate the following sentences:
1．The plan won’t work for there are too many things wrong with it.
2．The bus broke down as a result we were late for work.
3．Martin left a note it said he would be late.
4．This is a new watch yet it doesn’t work.
5．Jim was very tired so he went right off to sleep.
6．Business was booming consequently the company needed more workers.
7．The sky was bright blue with a few white clouds in it and it was a beautiful day for the picnic.
8．The dining hall is nice looking the food however is terrible.
9．Attendance is compulsory the students have no choice therefore.
10．Some people put cream and sugar in their coffee others prefer it black.
11．Space exploration is costly nevertheless we must continue to spend money on space travel if we are to learn about our universe.
12．Astronauts are affected by weightlessness moreover they are also affected by boredom and loneliness.
Punctuate the following sentences:
1．The plan won’t work for there are too many things wrong with it.
2．The bus broke down as a result we were late for work.
3．Martin left a note it said he would be late.
4．This is a new watch yet it doesn’t work.
5．Jim was very tired so he went right off to sleep.
6．Business was booming consequently the company needed more workers.
7．The sky was bright blue with a few white clouds in it and it was a beautiful day for the picnic.
8．The dining hall is nice looking the food however is terrible.
9．Attendance is compulsory the students have no choice therefore.
10．Some people put cream and sugar in their coffee others prefer it black.
11．Space exploration is costly nevertheless we must continue to spend money on space travel if we are to learn about our universe.
12．Astronauts are affected by weightlessness moreover they are also affected by boredom and loneliness.
EXERCISE 3
Correct punctuation mistakes in each sentence by adding a semicolon or a full stop, or a comma plus a suitable coordinating conjunction:
1．Unmanned space probes (探测器) eliminate the risk of death, furthermore, they cost much less than manned space flight.
2．Praise is like sunlight, we cannot flower or grow without it.
3．It was May, snow still lay under the branches of the thick pines.
4．The price of serious illness has risen drastically(大幅度地)in recent years, for example some hospital rooms now cost a hundred pounds a day.
5．John is short and quiet, his roommate is tall and talkative.
6．The window kept banging all night, I couldn’t sleep a wink.
7．Reckless (鲁莽的) drivers would be severely punished, in fact they should lose their drivers’ permits for at least six months.
8．Jim liked to sample different kinds of food, I fixed some Chinese food for him.
9．Methods of studying vary, what works well for some students doesn’t work at all for others.
10．Philip was watching TV, Marie was upstairs on the phone.
Correct punctuation mistakes in each sentence by adding a semicolon or a full stop, or a comma plus a suitable coordinating conjunction:
1．Unmanned space probes (探测器) eliminate the risk of death, furthermore, they cost much less than manned space flight.
2．Praise is like sunlight, we cannot flower or grow without it.
3．It was May, snow still lay under the branches of the thick pines.
4．The price of serious illness has risen drastically(大幅度地)in recent years, for example some hospital rooms now cost a hundred pounds a day.
5．John is short and quiet, his roommate is tall and talkative.
6．The window kept banging all night, I couldn’t sleep a wink.
7．Reckless (鲁莽的) drivers would be severely punished, in fact they should lose their drivers’ permits for at least six months.
8．Jim liked to sample different kinds of food, I fixed some Chinese food for him.
9．Methods of studying vary, what works well for some students doesn’t work at all for others.
10．Philip was watching TV, Marie was upstairs on the phone.
（三）直接引语句的标点用法
1) 引述动词位于句首
引述动词+逗号／冒号+引语。例如：
Jim said: “I swim for an hour every day. ”
Tom said to his brother, “Put your toys away. Mom will be back soon.’’
2) 引述动词位于句中
引语+逗号／惊叹号／问号+引述动词+逗号／句号+引语
引语的第一部分若是一个完整句子，引语第二部分句首用大写字母，引述动词后用句号。例如：
“Just tell the boys to get busy, ” their father instructed. “They’re college men. They’ll do what they have to do.’’
“No! No!” I cried. “You can’t sell my books.”
如果引语的第一部分不是完整句子，则引语的第二部分以小写字母开始，引述动词后用逗号。例如：
“You sir, ” King Gustav of Sweden told Thorpe, “are the greatest athlete in the world.’’
1) 引述动词位于句首
引述动词+逗号／冒号+引语。例如：
Jim said: “I swim for an hour every day. ”
Tom said to his brother, “Put your toys away. Mom will be back soon.’’
2) 引述动词位于句中
引语+逗号／惊叹号／问号+引述动词+逗号／句号+引语
引语的第一部分若是一个完整句子，引语第二部分句首用大写字母，引述动词后用句号。例如：
“Just tell the boys to get busy, ” their father instructed. “They’re college men. They’ll do what they have to do.’’
“No! No!” I cried. “You can’t sell my books.”
如果引语的第一部分不是完整句子，则引语的第二部分以小写字母开始，引述动词后用逗号。例如：
“You sir, ” King Gustav of Sweden told Thorpe, “are the greatest athlete in the world.’’
3) 引述动词位于句末
引语+逗号／问号／惊叹号+引述动词。例如：
一“What offence?” I asked.
一“Theft, ” the policeman said.
“What a beautiful view!” she exclaimed.
引语+逗号／问号／惊叹号+引述动词。例如：
一“What offence?” I asked.
一“Theft, ” the policeman said.
“What a beautiful view!” she exclaimed.
4) 引语句子在句末
引语句子位于句末，其标点即为全句标点。例如：
All he can say in English is “How do you do?”
Did you see the words “Are you happy?”
上面两句不能写成：
* All he can say in English is “How do you do?”.
* Did you see the words “Are you happy?”?
引语句子位于句末，其标点即为全句标点。例如：
All he can say in English is “How do you do?”
Did you see the words “Are you happy?”
上面两句不能写成：
* All he can say in English is “How do you do?”.
* Did you see the words “Are you happy?”?
EXERCISE 4
Correct the punctuation mistakes in the following sentences. If a sentence is correct as it stands, write C at its end:
1．“On Friday” the teacher announced: “we’ll take up a new lesson.’’
2．“What?” he asked? “do we have to prepare for the camping trip”?
3．“How was your day?” I enquired. “Great!” I enthused.
4．He greets everyone with “Hi”.
5．“You may think I have a lot of garbage in these bags.” One shopping-bag lady volunteered in a church soup kitchen. “but it’s everything I need.”
6．Who wrote “You fools!” on the blackboard?
7．“It pains me,” I said. “To find that you both have been panhandling so long that it no longer embarrasses you.’’
8．Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the “What do I do with myself” question? even though there may be no financial worries.
Correct the punctuation mistakes in the following sentences. If a sentence is correct as it stands, write C at its end:
1．“On Friday” the teacher announced: “we’ll take up a new lesson.’’
2．“What?” he asked? “do we have to prepare for the camping trip”?
3．“How was your day?” I enquired. “Great!” I enthused.
4．He greets everyone with “Hi”.
5．“You may think I have a lot of garbage in these bags.” One shopping-bag lady volunteered in a church soup kitchen. “but it’s everything I need.”
6．Who wrote “You fools!” on the blackboard?
7．“It pains me,” I said. “To find that you both have been panhandling so long that it no longer embarrasses you.’’
8．Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the “What do I do with myself” question? even though there may be no financial worries.
EXERCISE 5
Capitalize and punctuate the following passages:
1．London Fire
at one o’clock on september 2 1666 the great fire of London started in side a bakers shop in pudding lane it lasted five days and nearly 80％of all the buildings within the London wall were razed according to the official report l3200 houses 87 parish churches over 400 streets and the enormous old st pauls cathedral one of the wonders of the medieval world were in ruins out of Londons 450 acres only 75 remained untouched.
robert hubert a French watchmaker from rouen was accused of the fire the sentence said he had deliberately started the fire after he was hanged it was conclusively proved that he had not even arrived in London until two days after the fire broke out
Capitalize and punctuate the following passages:
1．London Fire
at one o’clock on september 2 1666 the great fire of London started in side a bakers shop in pudding lane it lasted five days and nearly 80％of all the buildings within the London wall were razed according to the official report l3200 houses 87 parish churches over 400 streets and the enormous old st pauls cathedral one of the wonders of the medieval world were in ruins out of Londons 450 acres only 75 remained untouched.
robert hubert a French watchmaker from rouen was accused of the fire the sentence said he had deliberately started the fire after he was hanged it was conclusively proved that he had not even arrived in London until two days after the fire broke out
2．Mountain-Climbing and Sight-Seeing
mr jones was very fond of climbing mountains so one year he went to switzerland for his holidays after he had climbed some easy mountains he decided one day to climb a more difficult one but he did not want to go up it alone so he found a good swiss guide who had often climbed that mountain
at first it was not a difficult climb but then they came to a place which was not so easy the guide stopped turned round and warned mr jones be careful here he said this is a dangerous place you can easily fall and if you do you will fall straight down a very long way but he continued calmly if you do fall here don’t forget to look to the right while you are going down there is a quite extraordinarily beautiful view there much more beautiful than the one you can see from here
mr jones was very fond of climbing mountains so one year he went to switzerland for his holidays after he had climbed some easy mountains he decided one day to climb a more difficult one but he did not want to go up it alone so he found a good swiss guide who had often climbed that mountain
at first it was not a difficult climb but then they came to a place which was not so easy the guide stopped turned round and warned mr jones be careful here he said this is a dangerous place you can easily fall and if you do you will fall straight down a very long way but he continued calmly if you do fall here don’t forget to look to the right while you are going down there is a quite extraordinarily beautiful view there much more beautiful than the one you can see from here
3．The Road to Happiness
it is the simple things that really matter if a man delights in his wife and children has success in work and finds pleasure in the alternation of day and night spring and autumn he will be happy whatever his philosophy may be if on the other hand he finds his wife hateful his childrens noise
unendurable and the office a nightmare if in the daytime he longs for night and at night he sighs for the light of day then what he needs is not a new philosophy but a new pattern of life a different diet or more exercise man is an animal and his happiness depends on his physiology more than he likes to think unhappy business men I am convinced would increase their happiness more by walking six miles every day than by any conceivable change of philosophy
it is the simple things that really matter if a man delights in his wife and children has success in work and finds pleasure in the alternation of day and night spring and autumn he will be happy whatever his philosophy may be if on the other hand he finds his wife hateful his childrens noise
unendurable and the office a nightmare if in the daytime he longs for night and at night he sighs for the light of day then what he needs is not a new philosophy but a new pattern of life a different diet or more exercise man is an animal and his happiness depends on his physiology more than he likes to think unhappy business men I am convinced would increase their happiness more by walking six miles every day than by any conceivable change of philosophy
七、句型写作练习
（一）并列句
两个或两个以上的简单句用等立连词或用分号、冒号、逗号等连在一起构成的句子叫并列句。常用的等立连词有and, or, but, so, for, neither, nor, while, whereas等。
用括号中的连接词连接下面各组句子。
1)It was a cold snowy day.
He had no money left for food. (and)
2)Hurry up.
You’ll be late. (or)
3)It rained heavily last night.
I went to the show anyway. (but)
4)I enjoy classical music.
She enjoys classical music, too. (so)
5)He must be ill.
He is absent today. (for)
6） Some people waste food.
Others haven’t enough. (while)
7) She is fat.
Her husband is thin. (whereas)
8) She cannot read.
She cannot write, either. (neither)
（二）复合句
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子结构叫做复合句，也叫主从复合句。从句由关联词引导，关联词将从句与主句联系在一起。根据其在复合句中的作用，从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句。
名词从句
主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在句子中的作用相当于名词通常在句中所起的作用，因此统称为名词从句。
引导名词从句的关联词，主要有三类：
1．主从连词：that（无词义），whether（是否），if（是否）
2．连接代词：who（谁），whom（谁），whose（谁的），what（什么），which（哪一个，哪一些）
3．连接副词：when（什么时候），where（什么地方），why（为什么），how（怎样）
主从连词只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当句中某一个成
分。
1.将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句。
1)They need more help in English.
That is quite obvious.
2)She is still alive.
That is good news.
3)She will come here.
It doesn’t seem likely.
4)The children came to the zoo.
They like the pandas best.
5)We are badly in need of something.
It is raw material.
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子结构叫做复合句，也叫主从复合句。从句由关联词引导，关联词将从句与主句联系在一起。根据其在复合句中的作用，从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句。
名词从句
主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在句子中的作用相当于名词通常在句中所起的作用，因此统称为名词从句。
引导名词从句的关联词，主要有三类：
1．主从连词：that（无词义），whether（是否），if（是否）
2．连接代词：who（谁），whom（谁），whose（谁的），what（什么），which（哪一个，哪一些）
3．连接副词：when（什么时候），where（什么地方），why（为什么），how（怎样）
主从连词只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当句中某一个成
分。
1.将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句。
1)They need more help in English.
That is quite obvious.
2)She is still alive.
That is good news.
3)She will come here.
It doesn’t seem likely.
4)The children came to the zoo.
They like the pandas best.
5)We are badly in need of something.
It is raw material.
2.将下面每组中的词连成句子，使其中包含主语从句。
1)did not, a pity, he, come earlier, it’s, that
2)smoking, it is, cause, a well-known fact, lung cancer, can, that
3)encouraged him, it is, but, help him, true, actually, I, that, didn’t
4)they, keep their promise, didn’t, seem, it, likely, that, would ever
5)why, for criticism, hard to understand, had singled out, Mary, it was, Prof. Hardy
1)did not, a pity, he, come earlier, it’s, that
2)smoking, it is, cause, a well-known fact, lung cancer, can, that
3)encouraged him, it is, but, help him, true, actually, I, that, didn’t
4)they, keep their promise, didn’t, seem, it, likely, that, would ever
5)why, for criticism, hard to understand, had singled out, Mary, it was, Prof. Hardy
3.将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句。
1)What kind of show are they putting on?
Can you tell me?
2)Is the letter overweight？
I’m wondering.
3)How can we improve our study habits?
I am thinking of that.
4)Is Henry the right person for the job?
We are still uncertain as to that.
5)Peter has a slight headache sometimes.
He has always been in good health except that.
6)He had forgotten to take his notebook with him.
He suddenly remembered that.
1)What kind of show are they putting on?
Can you tell me?
2)Is the letter overweight？
I’m wondering.
3)How can we improve our study habits?
I am thinking of that.
4)Is Henry the right person for the job?
We are still uncertain as to that.
5)Peter has a slight headache sometimes.
He has always been in good health except that.
6)He had forgotten to take his notebook with him.
He suddenly remembered that.
4. 将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句，并且用it作形式宾语。
1)I was far more intelligent than he was.
I always took that for granted.
2)You were unable to attend our meeting.
We all thought that was a pity.
3)You should mind your manners.
We consider that is important.
4)He was too ill to go on working.
He didn't want that to be known.
5)Every one of you should finish your homework on time.
I regard that as important.
6)His father would come to his help if he got into trouble.
He took that for granted.
7)He might change his mind at the last minute.
We thought that was highly probable.
8)The train will be delayed by the dense fog.
I think that is likely.
9)You should stop smoking.
The doctor thinks that is advisable.
1)I was far more intelligent than he was.
I always took that for granted.
2)You were unable to attend our meeting.
We all thought that was a pity.
3)You should mind your manners.
We consider that is important.
4)He was too ill to go on working.
He didn't want that to be known.
5)Every one of you should finish your homework on time.
I regard that as important.
6)His father would come to his help if he got into trouble.
He took that for granted.
7)He might change his mind at the last minute.
We thought that was highly probable.
8)The train will be delayed by the dense fog.
I think that is likely.
9)You should stop smoking.
The doctor thinks that is advisable.
5. 用 “what” 从句将下列句子补充完整。
1)Could you show me ______ (you, write)?
2)This is ________(we, should always, keep in mind).
3)(they, see) _______ in China made a deep impression on them.
4)We must not put off till tomorrow ______ (we, can, do , today).
1)Could you show me ______ (you, write)?
2)This is ________(we, should always, keep in mind).
3)(they, see) _______ in China made a deep impression on them.
4)We must not put off till tomorrow ______ (we, can, do , today).
6. 将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为同位语从句。
1)He is growing old.
Nothing could hide the fact.
2)He works hard.
The fact does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader.
3)I have a complacent feeling.
I feel that I’m highly intelligent.
4)He explained that he didn’t see the notice.
The explanation is unsatisfactory.
5)He holds that there is no advantage in introducing the new method.
Most of us don’t agree with his view.
6)He won the first gold medal at the 23rd Olympic Games.
The news soon spread throughout the country.
7)He has suggested that intelligence is a relative matter.
His suggestion is not universally accepted.
8)I moved that the vote be postponed.
He seconded my motion.
9)He feared that he might not be able to finish the work.
The fear disturbed him greatly.
10)We expressed a hope.
That hope was that Mr. and Mrs. Morrison would come and visit China again.
11)I’ve come from Mr. Lin with a message.
It says that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
12)Suzy is the right person for the job.
There can be no doubt about it.
定语从句
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词的后面。定语从句一般由关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词when, where, why引出。
关系代词和关系副词有两个作用：1、把主句和从句连接起来；2、在从句中作一个成分。which, that, who在从句中作主语或宾语；whom作宾语；whose作定语。when, where, why在从句中作状语。
关系代词that, which, who, whom如果在从句中作宾语，也可以省略。
另外，如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，则这个介词可以提到从句前，构成介词+which或whom引出的定语从句。
定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，去掉之后句子的意思就不完整，不明确，从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只是对先行词的附加说明，去掉之后句子的意思仍然很清楚，从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。
1)He is growing old.
Nothing could hide the fact.
2)He works hard.
The fact does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader.
3)I have a complacent feeling.
I feel that I’m highly intelligent.
4)He explained that he didn’t see the notice.
The explanation is unsatisfactory.
5)He holds that there is no advantage in introducing the new method.
Most of us don’t agree with his view.
6)He won the first gold medal at the 23rd Olympic Games.
The news soon spread throughout the country.
7)He has suggested that intelligence is a relative matter.
His suggestion is not universally accepted.
8)I moved that the vote be postponed.
He seconded my motion.
9)He feared that he might not be able to finish the work.
The fear disturbed him greatly.
10)We expressed a hope.
That hope was that Mr. and Mrs. Morrison would come and visit China again.
11)I’ve come from Mr. Lin with a message.
It says that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
12)Suzy is the right person for the job.
There can be no doubt about it.
定语从句
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词的后面。定语从句一般由关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词when, where, why引出。
关系代词和关系副词有两个作用：1、把主句和从句连接起来；2、在从句中作一个成分。which, that, who在从句中作主语或宾语；whom作宾语；whose作定语。when, where, why在从句中作状语。
关系代词that, which, who, whom如果在从句中作宾语，也可以省略。
另外，如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，则这个介词可以提到从句前，构成介词+which或whom引出的定语从句。
定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，去掉之后句子的意思就不完整，不明确，从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只是对先行词的附加说明，去掉之后句子的意思仍然很清楚，从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。
将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为定语从句。
1)I went to visit the American author.
He wrote a number of books about China.
2)My aunt prepared the soup.
I ate the soup.
3)I have an arrangement with my bank.
By the arrangement they let me use their money and repay them next month.
4)He sent her a letter.
In the letter he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.
5)Mr. Brown just came from Britain yesterday.
He will teach us accounting this term.
6)She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan.
She has some relatives there.
7)The United States is known for its supermarkets.
In these supermarkets, huge quantities of all kinds of food and household articles are sold.
8)The story happened in late 19th century.
At that time, China is suffering from the invasion of western powers.
1)I went to visit the American author.
He wrote a number of books about China.
2)My aunt prepared the soup.
I ate the soup.
3)I have an arrangement with my bank.
By the arrangement they let me use their money and repay them next month.
4)He sent her a letter.
In the letter he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.
5)Mr. Brown just came from Britain yesterday.
He will teach us accounting this term.
6)She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan.
She has some relatives there.
7)The United States is known for its supermarkets.
In these supermarkets, huge quantities of all kinds of food and household articles are sold.
8)The story happened in late 19th century.
At that time, China is suffering from the invasion of western powers.
状语从句
状语从句按其意义可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步等类别。其引导词分别如下：
时间状语从句：when, after, before, as, while, whenever, since, once, until, as soon as
地点状语从句：where, wherever
原因状语从句：because, as, since, now that
目的状语从句：so that, in order that, lest
结果状语从句：so that, so…that, such…that
条件状语从句：if, unless, suppose (supposing), provided (that), providing (that), on condition (that), in case, as (so) long as
方式状语从句：as, as if (though)
让步状语从句：though, although, even if (though), however, whatever, no matter how (what, where, when), whether…or
状语从句按其意义可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步等类别。其引导词分别如下：
时间状语从句：when, after, before, as, while, whenever, since, once, until, as soon as
地点状语从句：where, wherever
原因状语从句：because, as, since, now that
目的状语从句：so that, in order that, lest
结果状语从句：so that, so…that, such…that
条件状语从句：if, unless, suppose (supposing), provided (that), providing (that), on condition (that), in case, as (so) long as
方式状语从句：as, as if (though)
让步状语从句：though, although, even if (though), however, whatever, no matter how (what, where, when), whether…or
将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为状语从句。
(as long as, on condition that, lest, so…that, such…that, in case, as if, now that, whether…or, however, )
1)You’ve bought a new car.
What are you going to do with the old one?
2)We’d better take the telescope with us.
Perhaps it is needed.
3)We must hurry off.
Otherwise, we might miss the bus.
4)The problem was very complicated.
It took us nearly two weeks to solve it.
5)The aircraft was flying at a very high altitude.
We could hardly see it.
6)I’ll lend you my computer.
The condition is that you keep it in good shape.
7)You can go out.
But you should promise to be back before 11 at night.
8)I remember the whole thing.
It seems that it happened yesterday.
9)He tried very hard.
But he could not do the job satisfactorily.
10)It may take an hour or even a whole day.
But I shall find out the answer.
(as long as, on condition that, lest, so…that, such…that, in case, as if, now that, whether…or, however, )
1)You’ve bought a new car.
What are you going to do with the old one?
2)We’d better take the telescope with us.
Perhaps it is needed.
3)We must hurry off.
Otherwise, we might miss the bus.
4)The problem was very complicated.
It took us nearly two weeks to solve it.
5)The aircraft was flying at a very high altitude.
We could hardly see it.
6)I’ll lend you my computer.
The condition is that you keep it in good shape.
7)You can go out.
But you should promise to be back before 11 at night.
8)I remember the whole thing.
It seems that it happened yesterday.
9)He tried very hard.
But he could not do the job satisfactorily.
10)It may take an hour or even a whole day.
But I shall find out the answer.
（三）复杂的简单句
并列句和复合句往往可以浓缩成复杂的简单句，使语言更为紧凑、多样。
1.表示时间、让步或条件的状语从句往往可以改写为介词词组作状语。
1)They looked both ways before they crossed the street.
2)I made my decision after I talked to Sir Francis.
3)Although he was ill, he was determined to carry out his plan.
4)Although they’re intelligent, they aren’t doing well in school.
5)Although he’s rich, he isn’t very happy.
6)Although he’s tall, he isn’t a very good basketball player.
7)If we had your support, we might succeed in performing our task.
8)Even if there were air and water, plants still couldn’t grow on the moon.
9)If you don’t work hard, you will accomplish nothing.
10)If it had not been for their assistance, he would have found himself in trouble.
并列句和复合句往往可以浓缩成复杂的简单句，使语言更为紧凑、多样。
1.表示时间、让步或条件的状语从句往往可以改写为介词词组作状语。
1)They looked both ways before they crossed the street.
2)I made my decision after I talked to Sir Francis.
3)Although he was ill, he was determined to carry out his plan.
4)Although they’re intelligent, they aren’t doing well in school.
5)Although he’s rich, he isn’t very happy.
6)Although he’s tall, he isn’t a very good basketball player.
7)If we had your support, we might succeed in performing our task.
8)Even if there were air and water, plants still couldn’t grow on the moon.
9)If you don’t work hard, you will accomplish nothing.
10)If it had not been for their assistance, he would have found himself in trouble.
2.起伴随或补充说明作用的从句、简单句或并列谓语往往可以改写为“with +名词+分词/形容词/介词词组”的结构作状语。
1)They wear layers of clothes even in summer time. Newspapers are stuffed between the layers as further protection against bad weather.
2)If more people help them, they probably will be able to accomplish the task ahead of time.
3)As all his savings were gone, he started to look for a job.
4)In the corner there is a table. One of its legs is shorter than the others.
5)When the job was finished, we went to the seaside for a holiday.
6)As the pace of change is quickening, more and more scientists find it hard to keep up with the latest developments even in their own disciplines.
7)She looked in my face and tears streamed down her cheeks.
1)They wear layers of clothes even in summer time. Newspapers are stuffed between the layers as further protection against bad weather.
2)If more people help them, they probably will be able to accomplish the task ahead of time.
3)As all his savings were gone, he started to look for a job.
4)In the corner there is a table. One of its legs is shorter than the others.
5)When the job was finished, we went to the seaside for a holiday.
6)As the pace of change is quickening, more and more scientists find it hard to keep up with the latest developments even in their own disciplines.
7)She looked in my face and tears streamed down her cheeks.
3.还有另外一些从句或简单句也可以改写为介词词组作状语。
1)She won’t go home until she has taken the exam.
2)Because he had a bad leg, he couldn’t walk as fast as the others.
3)We are full aware that the situation is serious.
4)She hurried back to school for fear that she miss too many lessons.
5)We should not criticize Susan for what she has done. Instead, we ought to praise her for it.
6)Helen did not go straight home after school. She went to work as a waitress in a restaurant.
7)I am not going to send the book to Allan by post. I am going to take it to him myself.
8)Dr. Wilson did not go to New York yesterday to attend his daughter’s wedding. He flew to Florida for an emergency case.
1)She won’t go home until she has taken the exam.
2)Because he had a bad leg, he couldn’t walk as fast as the others.
3)We are full aware that the situation is serious.
4)She hurried back to school for fear that she miss too many lessons.
5)We should not criticize Susan for what she has done. Instead, we ought to praise her for it.
6)Helen did not go straight home after school. She went to work as a waitress in a restaurant.
7)I am not going to send the book to Allan by post. I am going to take it to him myself.
8)Dr. Wilson did not go to New York yesterday to attend his daughter’s wedding. He flew to Florida for an emergency case.
4.系表结构的定语从句往往可以改写为直接用形容词、介词词组或分词结构作定语。
1)I love girls who are intelligent
2)At the party, I got to know a professor who is in his thirties.
3)I hate to see letters that are written in pencil.
4)The substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized medicine.
5)Among those who are taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.
1)I love girls who are intelligent
2)At the party, I got to know a professor who is in his thirties.
3)I hate to see letters that are written in pencil.
4)The substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized medicine.
5)Among those who are taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.
5.两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词结构作状语。
1)Every one of us had been convinced that the project was feasible by the time we left the meeting.
2)As Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic he looked tired out.
3)They went hunting for hours, but when they returned they were empty-handed.
4)When he entered the office he was still annoyed by the way she spoke to him.
5)Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking.
6)College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. They cheat on exams more frequently.
1)Every one of us had been convinced that the project was feasible by the time we left the meeting.
2)As Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic he looked tired out.
3)They went hunting for hours, but when they returned they were empty-handed.
4)When he entered the office he was still annoyed by the way she spoke to him.
5)Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking.
6)College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. They cheat on exams more frequently.
6.两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立结构作状语。
1)He sat in front of them. And his dusty face masked his age.
2)She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room. Her heart beat fast.
3)The old beggar sat at the corner. Tears welled up in his eyes.
4)Jim continued on his way. The dog was jumping about in front of him.
5)The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile. Her long hair flowed in the breeze.
1)He sat in front of them. And his dusty face masked his age.
2)She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room. Her heart beat fast.
3)The old beggar sat at the corner. Tears welled up in his eyes.
4)Jim continued on his way. The dog was jumping about in front of him.
5)The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile. Her long hair flowed in the breeze.
7.解释性的语句往往可以改写成同位语。
1)This is Mr. Black. He is director of our hospital.
2)“Leave it to me,” said Peter. Peter was the man on duty.
3)Qinghai Lake is the largest inland body of salt water in China. It lies 3195 meters above sea level.
4)The whole plan was completed within three months. That is half the usual time.
5)He read all kinds of books. They were ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.
6)He was formerly a worker himself. He is now an engineer.
7)She is a mother of three children. She has now entered a college again for further education.
1)This is Mr. Black. He is director of our hospital.
2)“Leave it to me,” said Peter. Peter was the man on duty.
3)Qinghai Lake is the largest inland body of salt water in China. It lies 3195 meters above sea level.
4)The whole plan was completed within three months. That is half the usual time.
5)He read all kinds of books. They were ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.
6)He was formerly a worker himself. He is now an engineer.
7)She is a mother of three children. She has now entered a college again for further education.
（四）倒装句
英语的句子在以下几种情况下可以倒装。
1．否定词位于句首时
1)I have never been to Europe.
2)He had hardly eaten anything before the dinner was over.
3)She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.
4)Anne had arrived no sooner than she fell ill.
5)She cares little about what others say about her.
英语的句子在以下几种情况下可以倒装。
1．否定词位于句首时
1)I have never been to Europe.
2)He had hardly eaten anything before the dinner was over.
3)She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.
4)Anne had arrived no sooner than she fell ill.
5)She cares little about what others say about her.
2．so, nor, neither等词位于句首，表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时
1)Richard can speak Japanese. His sister can speak Japanese, too.
2)Copper is a good conductor. Many other metals are good conductors, too.
3)Paul could not dance, and he could not sing either.
4)The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. And the wife did not say a word of welcome either.
1)Richard can speak Japanese. His sister can speak Japanese, too.
2)Copper is a good conductor. Many other metals are good conductors, too.
3)Paul could not dance, and he could not sing either.
4)The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. And the wife did not say a word of welcome either.
3．含有so...that结构的句子将so引导的部分位于句首时
1)He was so excited that he could not go to sleep.
2)He spoke so forcefully at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.
3)He worked so hard that he obtained his Ph. D. degree one year ahead of schedule.
1)He was so excited that he could not go to sleep.
2)He spoke so forcefully at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.
3)He worked so hard that he obtained his Ph. D. degree one year ahead of schedule.
4．only引出的状语位于句首时
1)His father called his name only once.
2)The doctor realized only then that his patient needed surgery.
3)We can conclude the business only when you adjust down your price.
1)His father called his name only once.
2)The doctor realized only then that his patient needed surgery.
3)We can conclude the business only when you adjust down your price.
5．主语部分过长或上下文需要衔接时
1) The young father who wished to purchase a life insurance policy and agreed to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years was sitting in front of the counter.
2)The question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, death and financial loss is more
important.
3)The writing of a dictionary involves a number of tasks. The reading of literature, the copying
of words on cards, the sorting of the cards and the writing of definitions are among them.
1) The young father who wished to purchase a life insurance policy and agreed to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years was sitting in front of the counter.
2)The question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, death and financial loss is more
important.
3)The writing of a dictionary involves a number of tasks. The reading of literature, the copying
of words on cards, the sorting of the cards and the writing of definitions are among them.
（五）被动句
英语中被动句的使用远远多于汉语。以下几种情况英语都用被动语态：（1）不知道动作的执行者；（2）没有必要指出或不想指出动作的执行者；（3）虽然需要同时指出动作的执行者但更强调动作的承受者。
将下列句子改为被动形式。
1)They saw Joe’s father return after dark.
2)They do not allow you to smoke in the laboratory.
3)We should take effective measures to stop various forms of pollution.
4)When she was in Shanghai we heard the actress say she had long thought of the city as her second home.
5)People saw the young man enter the building next to the bank.
6)After the minister of education had finished speaking at the press conference, people made him answer all sorts of questions.
7)I don’t think anyone can make Tom do what he dislikes.
8)I heard the wind roar through the trees.
9)What should one do in a case like this?
英语中被动句的使用远远多于汉语。以下几种情况英语都用被动语态：（1）不知道动作的执行者；（2）没有必要指出或不想指出动作的执行者；（3）虽然需要同时指出动作的执行者但更强调动作的承受者。
将下列句子改为被动形式。
1)They saw Joe’s father return after dark.
2)They do not allow you to smoke in the laboratory.
3)We should take effective measures to stop various forms of pollution.
4)When she was in Shanghai we heard the actress say she had long thought of the city as her second home.
5)People saw the young man enter the building next to the bank.
6)After the minister of education had finished speaking at the press conference, people made him answer all sorts of questions.
7)I don’t think anyone can make Tom do what he dislikes.
8)I heard the wind roar through the trees.
9)What should one do in a case like this?
（六）强调句
改写下列句子，强调划线部分。
1)Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.
2)The author praises all that is progressive with genuine(真实的) feeling.
3)We could not cross the river because the water had risen.
4)Jim, a heartless fellow, was heard shouting at his mother in the dead of night(在深夜).
5)Mrs. Williams didn't know anything about it until I told her.
八、段落写作练习
（一）段落的展开
PRACTICE WITH TOPIC SENTENCES
The topic sentence states the topic and a controlling idea concerning that topic. Look at the following example.
People give many reasons for owning a car.
The topic of the sentence is “owning a car.” The controlling idea is “reasons.” All the supporting ideas in the paragraph should be “reasons for owning a car.”
The following phrases or ones similar to these can be used in your topic sentence to express the controlling idea:
the reasons for
the causes of (the effects of)
the steps for (the procedure for)
the advantages of (the disadvantages of)
the ways to (the methods of)
the different sections (parts, kinds, types) of
the characteristics (traits, qualities) of
the problems of
the precautions for
the changes to
改写下列句子，强调划线部分。
1)Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.
2)The author praises all that is progressive with genuine(真实的) feeling.
3)We could not cross the river because the water had risen.
4)Jim, a heartless fellow, was heard shouting at his mother in the dead of night(在深夜).
5)Mrs. Williams didn't know anything about it until I told her.
八、段落写作练习
（一）段落的展开
PRACTICE WITH TOPIC SENTENCES
The topic sentence states the topic and a controlling idea concerning that topic. Look at the following example.
People give many reasons for owning a car.
The topic of the sentence is “owning a car.” The controlling idea is “reasons.” All the supporting ideas in the paragraph should be “reasons for owning a car.”
The following phrases or ones similar to these can be used in your topic sentence to express the controlling idea:
the reasons for
the causes of (the effects of)
the steps for (the procedure for)
the advantages of (the disadvantages of)
the ways to (the methods of)
the different sections (parts, kinds, types) of
the characteristics (traits, qualities) of
the problems of
the precautions for
the changes to
Exercise W1
Looking at topic sentences
Write a topic sentence for each of the following topics. Use one of the phrases above or one of your own for your controlling idea.
Example catching colds
People can avoid catching a cold by taking certain precautions.
This topic sentence includes the topic “catching colds” and the controlling idea “taking precautions.”
Looking at topic sentences
Write a topic sentence for each of the following topics. Use one of the phrases above or one of your own for your controlling idea.
Example catching colds
People can avoid catching a cold by taking certain precautions.
This topic sentence includes the topic “catching colds” and the controlling idea “taking precautions.”
1. owning a car
2. living in a remote area
3. studying abroad
4. accidents
5. airports
6. absenteeism
7. taking exams
8. computers
9. rice
10. camping
Exercise W2
Checking topic sentences
Your topic sentence should tell the person who is reading your paragraph what the paragraph is about. Read the following paragraph and decide whether the topic sentence is strong or weak. (The topic sentence is underlined.)
Checking topic sentences
Your topic sentence should tell the person who is reading your paragraph what the paragraph is about. Read the following paragraph and decide whether the topic sentence is strong or weak. (The topic sentence is underlined.)
Baseball is a popular sport in the United States. There are two teams of nine players each. Players on one team take turns batting, and the other team tries to put the batters out. The batter hits the ball and then tries to run around the bases and get “home” safely. The other team tries to put the batter out by catching the ball before it hits the ground, throwing the ball to the base before the batter gets there or by tagging the batter with the ball. The batter can stop at any one of the three bases if it is impossible to make it “home.”
The topic sentence in the paragraph is weak because it tells us that “baseball is a popular sport”, but the rest of the paragraph tells us how baseball is played. A stronger topic sentence would tell us, the readers that the paragraph is going to describe how baseball is played. Here is a stronger topic sentence.
Baseball, a popular game in the United States, is played in the following way. Now the reader knows that the paragraph will describe how baseball is played instead of where it is played or who plays it, or why it is popular.
Read the following paragraphs. The topic sentences are underlined. If the topic sentence is weak, rewrite it in the space provided.
Baseball, a popular game in the United States, is played in the following way. Now the reader knows that the paragraph will describe how baseball is played instead of where it is played or who plays it, or why it is popular.
Read the following paragraphs. The topic sentences are underlined. If the topic sentence is weak, rewrite it in the space provided.
1. Even though the procedures followed to enroll in an American university vary according to each university, some steps are the same. First, you should contact the registration office of the university you want to attend to get the necessary forms and information concerning that particular university's entrance requirements. Then you must follow the steps outlined in their response. You will probably have to send copies of your high school diploma, get letters of recommendation, and write an essay on why you want to study there. You may have to achieve a certain score on the TOEFL test and have your scores forwarded to the university. Finally, you will have to contact the American embassy to start the procedures to obtain a student visa.
2. I like to go to the beach whenever I have the opportunity. I start the day by enjoying a refreshing swim. Then I walk along the beach and collect shells. Later you'll find me relaxing in the warm sunshine and making sand castles. Then I sleep for a while before I open the basket of food and drinks that I always pack to take.
3. Many students cannot afford a car. The city bus service usually passes the university, so those students can get to class on the bus. Many universities have a special shuttle bus that is provided for student transportation. Some students like to ride to class on bicycles. This is good exercise. Also, it is easier to find a space to leave a bicycle than to find a parking space for a car on a crowded university campus. Those students who live close to campus or on campus can enjoy a leisurely walk to their classes.
Exercise W3
Writing topic sentences
The following paragraphs consist of supporting ideas. Read each paragraph and ask yourself what is being discussed or described (the topic) and how the topic is approached (the controlling idea). Then write a topic sentence for each paragraph.
1.
Pictures or posters on the wall make a dormitory room feel more like home. A rug on the floor beside the bed is a nice addition to an otherwise cold and hard floor. Besides textbooks, favorite books from home on the bookshelf and a photograph or two of the family on the desk also add a comforting touch to the impersonal dormitory room.
2.
The white pages of an American telephone book give the phone numbers of residences. The blue pages contain the numbers of government offices, and the yellow pages have advertisements and business numbers. There are maps as well as indexes at the back of the book. The telephone books of larger cities may provide separate books for different sections of the city, while those of small towns may have room to include the numbers from several towns all in one book.
3.
First, the fast-food restaurant is good for people who must have a quick bite because of a busy schedule. Second, the food is inexpensive yet tasty. A person can eat an enjoyable meal out and stay within a limited budget. Finally, the food is usually consistent. For example, a cheeseburger from a well-known fast-food restaurant looks and tastes about the same no matter where in the world it is purchased. Consequently, buyers know exactly what they are getting.
PRACTICE WITH SUPPORTING IDEAS
Your topic sentence tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest of the paragraph should all refer to the given topic and the controlling idea. Look at the following example.
Your topic sentence tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest of the paragraph should all refer to the given topic and the controlling idea. Look at the following example.
There are many ways to eat peanut butter. You can spread it on a slice of bread like butter, or you can make it into a sandwich with jam. Peanut butter can be a major ingredient of very tasty cookies as well as cakes and candies. It is delicious in ice cream. Peanut butter was invented by George Washington Carver. My favorite way to eat peanut butter is to lick it off a spoon.
Our topic sentence tells the reader that we are discussing peanut butter. The controlling idea is “ways of eating it.” All of the sentences should be about ways of eating peanut butter. Are they? No. The sentence “Peanut butter was invented by George Washington Carver” does not refer to ways of eating peanut butter.
Exercise W4
Checking supporting ideas
Look at the following outlines. Circle the letter of the idea that does not support the topic.
1.Ⅰ. Ways to get rid of hiccups
A. breathe into a paper bag
B. hold your breath to the count of 10
C. have someone frighten you
D. make an appointment with your doctor
2.Ⅰ. Steps for planning a trip
A. purchasing a map
B. working late
C. making an itinerary
D. reserving a ticket
3.Ⅰ. Reasons for car accidents
A. fast driving
B. drinking and driving
C. not following traffic regulations
D. giving signals
4.Ⅰ. Advantages off small apartments
A. good school facilities
B. easy to clean
C. cheaper to furnish
D. relatively inexpensive
5.Ⅰ. Characteristics of a good restaurant
A. efficient waiters
B. tasty food
C. jacket and tie required
D. pleasant atmosphere
Checking supporting ideas
Look at the following outlines. Circle the letter of the idea that does not support the topic.
1.Ⅰ. Ways to get rid of hiccups
A. breathe into a paper bag
B. hold your breath to the count of 10
C. have someone frighten you
D. make an appointment with your doctor
2.Ⅰ. Steps for planning a trip
A. purchasing a map
B. working late
C. making an itinerary
D. reserving a ticket
3.Ⅰ. Reasons for car accidents
A. fast driving
B. drinking and driving
C. not following traffic regulations
D. giving signals
4.Ⅰ. Advantages off small apartments
A. good school facilities
B. easy to clean
C. cheaper to furnish
D. relatively inexpensive
5.Ⅰ. Characteristics of a good restaurant
A. efficient waiters
B. tasty food
C. jacket and tie required
D. pleasant atmosphere
Exercise W5
Checking paragraphs for supporting ideas
Read these paragraphs and cross out the one idea that doesn't support the topic sentence.
1. Working at a part-time job while studying at a university has many advantages. If students can get a job in their area of study, they are gaining valuable experience and putting their knowledge to use immediately. The extra money they can earn will be useful for meeting tuition fees and enjoying university activities. Also, they will have the personal satisfaction of having contributed to their own education. Students who need extra money can hold down a full-time temporary job during their summer vacation.
2. Hobbies are important for many reasons. First, a hobby can be educational. For example, if the hobby is stamp collecting, the person can learn about the countries of the world and even some of their history. Second, engaging in the hobby can lead to meeting other people with the same interests. A person can also meet other people by going to parties. Third, a person's free time is being used in a positive way. The person has no time to be bored or get into mischief while engaged in the hobby. Finally, some hobbies can lead to a future job. A person who enjoys a hobby-related job is more satisfied with life.
3. There are several features of spoken English that make it difficult for me to understand. First, many words are not pronounced as they are spelled, so when I learn new words through reading, I sometimes don't understand them when they are spoken. Second, native speakers contract words and phrases. “What are you doing?” becomes “Whacha doin'?” In my opinion, people should write clearly. Third, native speakers have a wide range of accents. A British accent is very different from a Texas one. Fourth, there are lots of idioms and slang expressions. These expressions also differ depending on the area a speaker is from. Finally, there are sounds that don't exist in my language but do exist in English and vice versa. These sounds are difficult for me to distinguish.
Checking paragraphs for supporting ideas
Read these paragraphs and cross out the one idea that doesn't support the topic sentence.
1. Working at a part-time job while studying at a university has many advantages. If students can get a job in their area of study, they are gaining valuable experience and putting their knowledge to use immediately. The extra money they can earn will be useful for meeting tuition fees and enjoying university activities. Also, they will have the personal satisfaction of having contributed to their own education. Students who need extra money can hold down a full-time temporary job during their summer vacation.
2. Hobbies are important for many reasons. First, a hobby can be educational. For example, if the hobby is stamp collecting, the person can learn about the countries of the world and even some of their history. Second, engaging in the hobby can lead to meeting other people with the same interests. A person can also meet other people by going to parties. Third, a person's free time is being used in a positive way. The person has no time to be bored or get into mischief while engaged in the hobby. Finally, some hobbies can lead to a future job. A person who enjoys a hobby-related job is more satisfied with life.
3. There are several features of spoken English that make it difficult for me to understand. First, many words are not pronounced as they are spelled, so when I learn new words through reading, I sometimes don't understand them when they are spoken. Second, native speakers contract words and phrases. “What are you doing?” becomes “Whacha doin'?” In my opinion, people should write clearly. Third, native speakers have a wide range of accents. A British accent is very different from a Texas one. Fourth, there are lots of idioms and slang expressions. These expressions also differ depending on the area a speaker is from. Finally, there are sounds that don't exist in my language but do exist in English and vice versa. These sounds are difficult for me to distinguish.
Exercise W6
Writing supporting ideas
Use the topic sentences that you wrote for Exercise W1. Outline four supporting ideas.
Example catching colds
Ⅰ. People can avoid catching a cold by taking certain precautions.
A. avoid people with colds
B. get plenty of sleep
C. eat nutritious food
D. take vitamin C
Writing supporting ideas
Use the topic sentences that you wrote for Exercise W1. Outline four supporting ideas.
Example catching colds
Ⅰ. People can avoid catching a cold by taking certain precautions.
A. avoid people with colds
B. get plenty of sleep
C. eat nutritious food
D. take vitamin C
1. Ⅰ.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
2. Ⅰ.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
3. Ⅰ.
A.
B.
C.
D.
4. Ⅰ.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
4. Ⅰ.
A.
B.
C.
D.
5. Ⅰ.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
6. Ⅰ.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
7. Ⅰ.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
8. Ⅰ.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
9. Ⅰ.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
10.Ⅰ.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Exercise W7
Writing supporting ideas in a paragraph
On your own paper, write out the paragraphs you outlined in Exercise W6 by expanding your supporting ideas into complete sentences.
Example
Catching Colds
People can avoid catching a cold by taking certain precautions. Perhaps the most important precaution is to avoid people who already have colds so that you are not exposed to cold germs. You should also get plenty of sleep so that your resistance is strong. Eating nutritious food will ensure that you have the vitamins that can help fight cold germs. Finally, you could try taking vitamin C supplements, which may help prevent your catching a cold.
Writing supporting ideas in a paragraph
On your own paper, write out the paragraphs you outlined in Exercise W6 by expanding your supporting ideas into complete sentences.
Example
Catching Colds
People can avoid catching a cold by taking certain precautions. Perhaps the most important precaution is to avoid people who already have colds so that you are not exposed to cold germs. You should also get plenty of sleep so that your resistance is strong. Eating nutritious food will ensure that you have the vitamins that can help fight cold germs. Finally, you could try taking vitamin C supplements, which may help prevent your catching a cold.
Extended practice: Use the sample outlines in the Answer Key for Exercise W6 to practice writing more paragraphs.
（二）段落的衔接
Connective words or phrases can be used point out the thought relationship between sentences. Here is a list of some commonly used connectives:
1)表示列举或次序：first, firstly, first of all, above all, to begin with, in the first place, for one thing; second, secondly, in the second place, for another; finally, last but not least
2)表示递进：besides, plus, moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, more important, most important
3)表示举例：for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, to illustrate, such as(介)…
4)表示对比：similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally important; on the contrary, conversely, in contrast, by contrast, on the other hand, otherwise, whereas（连）
5)表示让步：though/although（连）, even though（连）, in spite of（介）, despite（介）, it is true that（连）, admittedly,
6)表示转折：but, yet, however, nevertheless, instead
7)表示原因：because（连）, as（连）, since（连）, for（连）, because of（介）, owing to（介）, due to（介）, on account of（介）, as a result of（介）
8)表示结果：so（连）, thus, consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly, as a result, as a consequence, on that account
9)表示强调：in fact, actually, indeed, certainly, chiefly, especially, particularly,
10)表示总结：in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude
Connective words or phrases can be used point out the thought relationship between sentences. Here is a list of some commonly used connectives:
1)表示列举或次序：first, firstly, first of all, above all, to begin with, in the first place, for one thing; second, secondly, in the second place, for another; finally, last but not least
2)表示递进：besides, plus, moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, more important, most important
3)表示举例：for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, to illustrate, such as(介)…
4)表示对比：similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally important; on the contrary, conversely, in contrast, by contrast, on the other hand, otherwise, whereas（连）
5)表示让步：though/although（连）, even though（连）, in spite of（介）, despite（介）, it is true that（连）, admittedly,
6)表示转折：but, yet, however, nevertheless, instead
7)表示原因：because（连）, as（连）, since（连）, for（连）, because of（介）, owing to（介）, due to（介）, on account of（介）, as a result of（介）
8)表示结果：so（连）, thus, consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly, as a result, as a consequence, on that account
9)表示强调：in fact, actually, indeed, certainly, chiefly, especially, particularly,
10)表示总结：in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude
Exercises
1. Choose proper connective expressions from the list given below to fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs:
although but instead then first (of all)
second third fourth finally furthermore
consequently once sometimes at other times in contrast
for example in addition
1. Choose proper connective expressions from the list given below to fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs:
although but instead then first (of all)
second third fourth finally furthermore
consequently once sometimes at other times in contrast
for example in addition
1) European universities and universities in the United States are different in many ways. , European students enroll in fewer courses each term than United States students do. , European students seldom live at a university. , they live at home and travel to classes. , most European courses are given by professors who lecture to their classes. , United States professors often ask their students questions or allow their students to form discussion groups. , European professors ask students to write fewer papers than United States professors do. , European students’ final examinations are usually oral, whereas American students take written final examinations. , a European university is mainly a place to study. At most United States universities, social activities take up a large part of the students’ time.
2) Perhaps the most unforgettable person I have ever met is 2Prof. Smith who taught us philosophy at university. I last met him eight years ago, I still remember his special qualities most distinctively. , I was impressed by his devotion to teaching. Because his lectures were always well-prepared and clearly delivered, students swarmed into his classroom. His followers appreciate the fact that he believed in what he taught and that he was intellectually stimulating. , he could be counted on to explain his ideas in an imaginative way, introducing such aids to understanding as paintings, recordings, pieces of sculpture and guest lecturers. He even sang a song in class to illustrate a point. , I admired the fact that he would meet with students outside of the classroom or talk to them on the telephone. He would challenge a student to a game of chess. , he would join groups to discuss subjects ranging from astronomy to pop music. , I was attracted by his lively wit. He believed that no class hour is a success unless the students and the professor share several chuckles and at least one loud laugh. Through his sense of humor, he made learning more enjoyable and more lasting. If it is true that life makes a wise man smile and a foolish man cry, Prof. Smith is truly a wise man.
2. Now fill in the blanks with coordinating conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs:
My friend Jones is not a practical person. One evening, when he was driving along a main road, he suddenly had a flat tyre. He was very worried, he did not have a spare wheel in the back of his car. He had to ask for help, he waved to passing cars and lorries. Dozens of cars and lorries passed, not one of them stopped. He had covered only a hundred miles or so, he still had more than three hundred miles to go. It was getting darker and darker, he was almost in despair. He waved for an hour. At last, he waved to a car just like his own. To his surprise, the car actually stopped a well-dressed young woman got out. Jones was disappointed. How could a person like this possibly help him? The lady, , offered him her own spare wheel, Jones had to explain that he had never changed a car in his life. She set to work at once fitted the wheel in a few minutes while Jones looked on in admiration.
My friend Jones is not a practical person. One evening, when he was driving along a main road, he suddenly had a flat tyre. He was very worried, he did not have a spare wheel in the back of his car. He had to ask for help, he waved to passing cars and lorries. Dozens of cars and lorries passed, not one of them stopped. He had covered only a hundred miles or so, he still had more than three hundred miles to go. It was getting darker and darker, he was almost in despair. He waved for an hour. At last, he waved to a car just like his own. To his surprise, the car actually stopped a well-dressed young woman got out. Jones was disappointed. How could a person like this possibly help him? The lady, , offered him her own spare wheel, Jones had to explain that he had never changed a car in his life. She set to work at once fitted the wheel in a few minutes while Jones looked on in admiration.
3. Rewrite the following passage by adding connective words where necessary. Many structures will have to be changed and you will probably not keep the same number of sentences. Here are some of the connective words you may find useful:
then however the only result
and but although
when yet so
That’s how instead
Television was invented by John Logie Baird. When he was young he built an aeroplane. He tried to fly in it. It crashed down below. Baird was fortunate not to be killed. It did not discourage him. When he was older he tried to make diamonds from coal. There was an enormous explosion. He was not injured. He became a businessman. His business failed. He thought of working at television. His family advised him not to. He did not listen to them. He rented an attic. He bought the apparatus he needed. He started working. He worked for a long time. He was not successful. One day he saw a picture on his screen. He rushed out to get someone he could “televise”. He found an office boy. He took him back to his room. No image of the boy appeared on his screen. The boy, terrified, had put his head down. He put it up again. His picture appeared on the screen. Television had been discovered.
then however the only result
and but although
when yet so
That’s how instead
Television was invented by John Logie Baird. When he was young he built an aeroplane. He tried to fly in it. It crashed down below. Baird was fortunate not to be killed. It did not discourage him. When he was older he tried to make diamonds from coal. There was an enormous explosion. He was not injured. He became a businessman. His business failed. He thought of working at television. His family advised him not to. He did not listen to them. He rented an attic. He bought the apparatus he needed. He started working. He worked for a long time. He was not successful. One day he saw a picture on his screen. He rushed out to get someone he could “televise”. He found an office boy. He took him back to his room. No image of the boy appeared on his screen. The boy, terrified, had put his head down. He put it up again. His picture appeared on the screen. Television had been discovered.
4. Combining sentences with subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns
In the United Stated there is a belief. It goes that people are rewarded for working, producing, and achieving. Many people believe that there is equality of opportunity. It allows anyone to become successful. This belief is illustrated by stories written by a nineteenth-century American novelist, Horatio Alger. He wrote about the “American Dream”. In his stories he described poor people. They became rich because of their hard work, honesty, and luck. The stories reinforced the idea. The idea is that all individuals, no matter how poor, were capable of becoming wealthy as long as they were honest and hard-working. For many Americans, however, Horatio Alger’s “rags-to-riches” stories do not represent the reality of opportunity. Many poor immigrants were able to become rich. They came to the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Today, however, the poor generally do not rise to the middle and upper classes. That is why the “American Dream” is now described as a myth.
In the United Stated there is a belief. It goes that people are rewarded for working, producing, and achieving. Many people believe that there is equality of opportunity. It allows anyone to become successful. This belief is illustrated by stories written by a nineteenth-century American novelist, Horatio Alger. He wrote about the “American Dream”. In his stories he described poor people. They became rich because of their hard work, honesty, and luck. The stories reinforced the idea. The idea is that all individuals, no matter how poor, were capable of becoming wealthy as long as they were honest and hard-working. For many Americans, however, Horatio Alger’s “rags-to-riches” stories do not represent the reality of opportunity. Many poor immigrants were able to become rich. They came to the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Today, however, the poor generally do not rise to the middle and upper classes. That is why the “American Dream” is now described as a myth.
5. Rewrite the passage to make it book more natural. This will mean adding or removing words and putting some of the sentences together.
1. There were once a dog and a cat sitting by a kitchen door. The cook came out and threw several pieces of meat to them. They both sprang to get the meat. The dog was the stronger. He ate it all himself.
2. This was selfishness. By this I mean that the dog cared only for himself. Was this wrong? No, the dog knew no better.
3. Men are different from dogs. They follow a different rule of conduct. How miserable we should all be! Every person were to care only for himself. We ought to be thankful. We have a higher nature than that of beasts. We are able to see and feel the duty of being kind and affectionate to one another. We can see and feel this duty. We ought to be very careful always to observe it.
1. There were once a dog and a cat sitting by a kitchen door. The cook came out and threw several pieces of meat to them. They both sprang to get the meat. The dog was the stronger. He ate it all himself.
2. This was selfishness. By this I mean that the dog cared only for himself. Was this wrong? No, the dog knew no better.
3. Men are different from dogs. They follow a different rule of conduct. How miserable we should all be! Every person were to care only for himself. We ought to be thankful. We have a higher nature than that of beasts. We are able to see and feel the duty of being kind and affectionate to one another. We can see and feel this duty. We ought to be very careful always to observe it.
九、历年六级写作真题（1990.1-2004.6）
2004年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to the editor of a newspaper complaining about the poor service of a bookstore. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
设想你买了一本英文字典，发现有这样那样的质量问题，书店的服务态度又不好，因此给报社编辑写信。信中必须包含以下内容：
1．事情的起因
2．与书店交涉的经过
3．呼吁服务行业必须提高服务质量
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to the editor of a newspaper complaining about the poor service of a bookstore. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
设想你买了一本英文字典，发现有这样那样的质量问题，书店的服务态度又不好，因此给报社编辑写信。信中必须包含以下内容：
1．事情的起因
2．与书店交涉的经过
3．呼吁服务行业必须提高服务质量
2003年12月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Reduce Waste on Campus. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
1．有些大学校园浪费的现象日益严重
2．浪费的危害
3．杜绝浪费，从我做起
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Reduce Waste on Campus. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
1．有些大学校园浪费的现象日益严重
2．浪费的危害
3．杜绝浪费，从我做起
2003年9月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Reading Preferences. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Reading Preferences. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
Reading preferences of students in an American university in 2002
Categories of books Percentage of book circulation in the library
Popular Fiction 65.9%
General Nonfiction 18.2%
Science/Technology/Education 10.8%
Art/Literature/Poetry 5.1%
Categories of books Percentage of book circulation in the library
Popular Fiction 65.9%
General Nonfiction 18.2%
Science/Technology/Education 10.8%
Art/Literature/Poetry 5.1%
1．根据上表，简要叙述美国某大学学生借阅图书的分布情况；
2．你对于这些学生阅读偏爱的评论
3．你通常喜欢阅读哪一类书籍？说明理由。
2．你对于这些学生阅读偏爱的评论
3．你通常喜欢阅读哪一类书籍？说明理由。
2003年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Changes in the Ownership of Houses in China. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the graph and outline below.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Changes in the Ownership of Houses in China. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the graph and outline below.
1. Describe the changes as indicated by the graph
2. Give possible reasons for the changes
2. Give possible reasons for the changes
2003年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1．当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。
2．诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1．当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。
2．诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。
2002年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:
1. 上图所示为1990年、1995年、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；
2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；
3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。
2002年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。
2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；
3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。
2002年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。
2001年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during a weeklong holiday. You should write at least 120 words according to the suggestions given below in Chinese.
1. 表示欢迎
2. 提出对度假安排的建议
3. 提醒应注意的事项
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during a weeklong holiday. You should write at least 120 words according to the suggestions given below in Chinese.
1. 表示欢迎
2. 提出对度假安排的建议
3. 提醒应注意的事项
2000年12月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Succeed in a Job Interview? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 面试在求职过程中的作用
2. 取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是……
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Succeed in a Job Interview? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 面试在求职过程中的作用
2. 取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是……
2000年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The First sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是......
2. 也有人持不同意见，......
3. 我的看法和打算
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The First sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是......
2. 也有人持不同意见，......
3. 我的看法和打算
2000年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance My College Education. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种途径解决。
2. 哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance My College Education. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种途径解决。
2. 哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。
1999年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人认为读书要有选择
2. 有些人认为应当博览群书
3. 我的看法
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人认为读书要有选择
2. 有些人认为应当博览群书
3. 我的看法
1999年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Don’t Hesitate to say “No”. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说“不”。
2. 为什么有些人在该说“不”的时候不说“不”。
3. 该说“不”时不说“不”的坏处。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Don’t Hesitate to say “No”. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说“不”。
2. 为什么有些人在该说“不”的时候不说“不”。
3. 该说“不”时不说“不”的坏处。
1998年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人认为某些数字会带来好运
2. 我认为数字和运气无关......
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人认为某些数字会带来好运
2. 我认为数字和运气无关......
1998年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Fake Commodities. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 假冒伪劣商品的危害
2. 怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Fake Commodities. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 假冒伪劣商品的危害
2. 怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品
1997年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on job-hopping. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为......
2. 有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为......
3. 我的看法
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on job-hopping. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为......
2. 有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为......
3. 我的看法
1997年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Haste Makes Waste. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.
1. 为什么“欲速则不达”？
2. 举例说明。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Haste Makes Waste. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.
1. 为什么“欲速则不达”？
2. 举例说明。
1996年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the graphs below.
Health Gains in Developing Countries
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the graphs below.
Health Gains in Developing Countries
Life Expectancy Infant Mortality
此处插入图表16-2
Directions: For this part , you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Health Gains in Developing Countries. You must base pour composition on the following instructions (given in Chinese) :
1 . 上图为依据描述发展中国家的期望寿命(life expectancy)和婴儿死亡率(infant mortality) 的变化情况.
2. 说明引起变化的各种原因.
1996年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: Why I Take College English Test Band 6. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).
1. 有些人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试
2. 我参加CET-6考试的理由
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: Why I Take College English Test Band 6. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).
1. 有些人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试
2. 我参加CET-6考试的理由
1995年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Should Firecrackers Be Banned? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1．有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么?
2．有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么?
3．我的看法
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Should Firecrackers Be Banned? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1．有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么?
2．有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么?
3．我的看法
1995年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).
1. 现在有些不良的商业广告
2. 这些广告的副作用和危害性
3. 我对这些广告的态度
You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).
1. 现在有些不良的商业广告
2. 这些广告的副作用和危害性
3. 我对这些广告的态度
You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.
1994年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: The Career I Pursue. You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: The Career I Pursue. You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.
1993年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Opportunity. You must base your composition on the following instructions (given in Chinese):
有的人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？
写出你的理由并且适当举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。
Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write it neatly.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Opportunity. You must base your composition on the following instructions (given in Chinese):
有的人认为机会是极少的，另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。你的看法如何？
写出你的理由并且适当举例。在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论。
Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write it neatly.
1993年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: Motorcycles and City Traffic. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).
1. 近年来中国城市的摩托车
2. 摩托车的优点和缺点
3. 你对我国城市中摩托车发展前景的看法
You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: Motorcycles and City Traffic. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese).
1. 近年来中国城市的摩托车
2. 摩托车的优点和缺点
3. 你对我国城市中摩托车发展前景的看法
You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.
1992年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Looking Forward to the Twenty-First Century. Your composition should be based on your answer to the following questions written in Chinese:
1. 新世纪科技发展的前景如何？
2. 新的科学技术会给社会带来什么好处？
3. 新的科学技术会带来什么问题？
4. 你怎样对待新世纪的挑战？
Your composition should be no less than 120 words.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Looking Forward to the Twenty-First Century. Your composition should be based on your answer to the following questions written in Chinese:
1. 新世纪科技发展的前景如何？
2. 新的科学技术会给社会带来什么好处？
3. 新的科学技术会带来什么问题？
4. 你怎样对待新世纪的挑战？
Your composition should be no less than 120 words.
1992年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the following graph which shows the change in the number of film-goers and TV-watchers in a certain city. The title of the composition is: Film Is Giving Way to TV. You should write no less than 120 words for your composition and it must include the following ideas (given in Chinese):
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the following graph which shows the change in the number of film-goers and TV-watchers in a certain city. The title of the composition is: Film Is Giving Way to TV. You should write no less than 120 words for your composition and it must include the following ideas (given in Chinese):
1. 电影观众越来越少
2. 电视观众越来越多，因为……
3. 然而，还是有人喜欢看电影,因为……
Quote as few figures as possible. Remember to write your composition in readable
handwriting.
1991年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the graph below.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the graph below.
The suggested title is: Car Accidents Declining in Walton City. Remember that your composition must be written according to the following outline:
1. Rise and fall of the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph;
2. Possible reason(s) for the decline of car accidents in the city;
3. Your predictions of what will happen this year.
Your composition should be no less than 120 words and you should quote as few figures as possible.
1991年1月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about Man Is to Survive. You should base your composition on the following outline:
1. 人类面临的问题（如能源、疾病、污染、人口等）
2. 悲观的看法（如人类将无法生存）
3. 人类的智慧出路
Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Be sure to write your composition in readable handwriting.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about Man Is to Survive. You should base your composition on the following outline:
1. 人类面临的问题（如能源、疾病、污染、人口等）
2. 悲观的看法（如人类将无法生存）
3. 人类的智慧出路
Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Be sure to write your composition in readable handwriting.
1990年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities. Four suggested solutions to this problem are listed below. You are supposed to write in favor of one suggestion (ONE only) and against another (ONE only). You should give your reasons in both cases. You should write no less than 120 words. Remember to give a short introduction and a brief conclusion. Write your composition clearly.
四种可能解决住房问题的方案：
1. 多造高层建筑
2. 向地下发展
3. 建造卫星城市
4. 疏散城市人口
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities. Four suggested solutions to this problem are listed below. You are supposed to write in favor of one suggestion (ONE only) and against another (ONE only). You should give your reasons in both cases. You should write no less than 120 words. Remember to give a short introduction and a brief conclusion. Write your composition clearly.
四种可能解决住房问题的方案：
1. 多造高层建筑
2. 向地下发展
3. 建造卫星城市
4. 疏散城市人口
1990年1月
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic according to the following OUTLINE. Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember that the contents of the OUTLINE should ALL be included in your composition. But you are not supposed to translate the OUTLINE word for word.
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic according to the following OUTLINE. Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember that the contents of the OUTLINE should ALL be included in your composition. But you are not supposed to translate the OUTLINE word for word.
OUTLINE
问题：城市交通拥挤
解决方案（solution）
1. 建造(lay down)更多道路
优点：(1) 降低街道拥挤程度
(2) 加速车流（flow of traffic）
缺点：占地过多
2. 开辟（open up）更多公共汽车线路
优点：减少自行车与小汽车
缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便
结论：两者结合
问题：城市交通拥挤
解决方案（solution）
1. 建造(lay down)更多道路
优点：(1) 降低街道拥挤程度
(2) 加速车流（flow of traffic）
缺点：占地过多
2. 开辟（open up）更多公共汽车线路
优点：减少自行车与小汽车
缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便
结论：两者结合
十、写作模拟题与范文
1．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words on the following topic and outline.
最近国内有些高校允许在校适龄大学生结婚。对此人们有不同观点，有人赞成，有人反对。你的观点如何？
1．有些人对高校允许学生结婚的做法持肯定态度
2．另一些人则反对
3．我的观点
2．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Preferable Work. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人喜欢与人打交道的工作
2. 有些人喜欢与事物或机器打交道的工作
3. 你的选择
3．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Part-time Jobs for College Students. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人反对大学生做兼职工作
2. 你的看法
4.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Development of Private Cars. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人赞成发展私人小汽车
2．另一些人则反对
3. 你的看法
5．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Scientific Discoveries—A Curse Or A Blessing?. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
1.科学发现为人类带来很多福利。
2.科学发现也导致了一些灾难。
3.结论。
6．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Internet — A Two-edged Sword. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
1.Internet的功绩。
2.Internet的弊端。
3.结论。
7．
Directions: For this part, you are to write a composition of 120～150 words on The Greatest Invention in the Past Century. In your composition, you should clearly state your opinion and give reasons to support your arguments. Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.
8．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Brain Drain. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 人才流失是我国面临的一个棘手的问题
2．人才流失的原因
3. 如何吸引人才
9．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Solve Energy Crisis. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 人类面临着能源危机
2．如何化解这一危机
10．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Fire Accidents in Big Cities. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 大城市火灾有上升的趋势
2．造成火灾的原因
3．如何防止火灾
11．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Practice Makes Perfect. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline given below:
1. 为什么说“熟能生巧”
2. 例如……
3．又例如
12．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about “ Against a Robbery” based on the following picture. You are given the first sentence in English and are required to develop it into a full composition in no less than 150 words, not including the words given.
1. On yesterday afternoon, Mrs. Luo left home to go shopping.
2. In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside.
3. The two criminals were arrested.
1．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words on the following topic and outline.
最近国内有些高校允许在校适龄大学生结婚。对此人们有不同观点，有人赞成，有人反对。你的观点如何？
1．有些人对高校允许学生结婚的做法持肯定态度
2．另一些人则反对
3．我的观点
2．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Preferable Work. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人喜欢与人打交道的工作
2. 有些人喜欢与事物或机器打交道的工作
3. 你的选择
3．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Part-time Jobs for College Students. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人反对大学生做兼职工作
2. 你的看法
4.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Development of Private Cars. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有些人赞成发展私人小汽车
2．另一些人则反对
3. 你的看法
5．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Scientific Discoveries—A Curse Or A Blessing?. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
1.科学发现为人类带来很多福利。
2.科学发现也导致了一些灾难。
3.结论。
6．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Internet — A Two-edged Sword. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
1.Internet的功绩。
2.Internet的弊端。
3.结论。
7．
Directions: For this part, you are to write a composition of 120～150 words on The Greatest Invention in the Past Century. In your composition, you should clearly state your opinion and give reasons to support your arguments. Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.
8．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Brain Drain. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 人才流失是我国面临的一个棘手的问题
2．人才流失的原因
3. 如何吸引人才
9．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Solve Energy Crisis. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 人类面临着能源危机
2．如何化解这一危机
10．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Fire Accidents in Big Cities. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 大城市火灾有上升的趋势
2．造成火灾的原因
3．如何防止火灾
11．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Practice Makes Perfect. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline given below:
1. 为什么说“熟能生巧”
2. 例如……
3．又例如
12．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about “ Against a Robbery” based on the following picture. You are given the first sentence in English and are required to develop it into a full composition in no less than 150 words, not including the words given.
1. On yesterday afternoon, Mrs. Luo left home to go shopping.
2. In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside.
3. The two criminals were arrested.
13．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Robot Is a Machine after All. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the cartoons given below.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Robot Is a Machine after All. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the cartoons given below.
14．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter of application for a job You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
假定你是李明，是北京外国语大学(Beijing Foreign Studies University)一名英语专业的学生。你在China Daily上看到一则招聘广告：Microsoft China要招聘口译员。你认为自己符合条件，请写一封申请信。
15．
Directions: Read the story in Chinese below, and then write a composition of no less than 150 words under the titile of “The Goal of Life”. Your composition should be based on the story and the following outline.
1.What have you learned from the story?
2.What is the goal of your life? If you have achieved the goal of your life, what would you do?
Directions: Read the story in Chinese below, and then write a composition of no less than 150 words under the titile of “The Goal of Life”. Your composition should be based on the story and the following outline.
1.What have you learned from the story?
2.What is the goal of your life? If you have achieved the goal of your life, what would you do?
目 标
在英国有一位残疾青年，他双腿走起路来很困难，却凭着坚强的信念和毅力创造了一次又一次的壮举：他19岁时登上了世界最高峰珠穆朗玛峰；21岁时登上了阿尔卑斯山；22岁时登上了乞力马扎罗山，28岁前他登上了世界上所有著名的高山。然而，就在28岁这一年他自杀了。原来在他11岁时，他父母在攀登乞力马扎罗山时不幸遭遇雪崩双双遇难。他的父母临行前给他留下了遗嘱，希望他能象父母一样，登上世界上所有著名的高山。这位残疾青年把父母的遗嘱作为他人生奋斗的目标，当实现全部目标的时候，他感到前所未有的无奈和绝望。他留下遗言：“如今，功成名就的我感到无事可做了，我没有了新的目标……”
在英国有一位残疾青年，他双腿走起路来很困难，却凭着坚强的信念和毅力创造了一次又一次的壮举：他19岁时登上了世界最高峰珠穆朗玛峰；21岁时登上了阿尔卑斯山；22岁时登上了乞力马扎罗山，28岁前他登上了世界上所有著名的高山。然而，就在28岁这一年他自杀了。原来在他11岁时，他父母在攀登乞力马扎罗山时不幸遭遇雪崩双双遇难。他的父母临行前给他留下了遗嘱，希望他能象父母一样，登上世界上所有著名的高山。这位残疾青年把父母的遗嘱作为他人生奋斗的目标，当实现全部目标的时候，他感到前所未有的无奈和绝望。他留下遗言：“如今，功成名就的我感到无事可做了，我没有了新的目标……”
16．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 120 words under the title of "What will money bring us, fortune or misfortune?" Your composition should be based on the following story given in Chinese. Give at least two reasons to support your choice.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 120 words under the title of "What will money bring us, fortune or misfortune?" Your composition should be based on the following story given in Chinese. Give at least two reasons to support your choice.
夺命之物
一栋住宅楼发生了大火，一个中年男子在大火中丧生。奇怪的是，他5岁的儿子明明却逃了出来。有人问明明：“你是怎么逃出来的?”明明说：“我拿了一块湿毛巾捂住鼻子，贴在地上爬……”，这是科学有效的逃生方法。
人们不解：“你爸爸不会这么做吗?”
明明说：“会，是爸爸教我这么做的。爸爸和我一起爬到了门口，他说忘了一件东西，就又爬回去了。”
参加救火的消防员说，他们发现那具男尸时，他的手里紧紧地攥着一沓百元大钞。
于是，人们明白了：有一种东西杀人夺命，比大火还厉害。(摘自《深圳青年》第3期上半月刊，作者廖钧)
一栋住宅楼发生了大火，一个中年男子在大火中丧生。奇怪的是，他5岁的儿子明明却逃了出来。有人问明明：“你是怎么逃出来的?”明明说：“我拿了一块湿毛巾捂住鼻子，贴在地上爬……”，这是科学有效的逃生方法。
人们不解：“你爸爸不会这么做吗?”
明明说：“会，是爸爸教我这么做的。爸爸和我一起爬到了门口，他说忘了一件东西，就又爬回去了。”
参加救火的消防员说，他们发现那具男尸时，他的手里紧紧地攥着一沓百元大钞。
于是，人们明白了：有一种东西杀人夺命，比大火还厉害。(摘自《深圳青年》第3期上半月刊，作者廖钧)
17．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a summary of the following passage. You should write about 150 words and remember to write clearly on the COMPOSITION SHEET.
To Lie or not to Lie — the Doctor’s Dilemma
Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients — to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death? Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient’s own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones.
Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide. As one physician wrote, “Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth’s sake, and that is as far as possible, do no harm.”
Armed with such a precept, a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that they assume will “do no harm” and may well help their patients. They may prescribe innumerable placebos, sound more encouraging than the facts warrant, and distort grave news, especially to the incurably ill and the dying.
But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now coming to be documents. Studies show that, contrary to the beliefs of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery.
Not only do lies not provide the “help” hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health, including the choice of whether to be a patient in the first place. We are becoming increasingly aware of all that can befall patients in the course of their illness when information is denied or distorted.
Dying patients especially — who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark — can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and take leave.
Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to their credibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are honest with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of “defensive medicine”, and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession.
There is urgent need to debate this issue openly. Not only in medicine, but in other professions as well, practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty where serious consequences seem avoidable only through deception. Yet the public has every reason to be wary of professional deception, for such practices are peculiarly likely to become deeply rooted, to spread, and to erode trust. Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying, “What you don’t know can’t hurt you.”
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a summary of the following passage. You should write about 150 words and remember to write clearly on the COMPOSITION SHEET.
To Lie or not to Lie — the Doctor’s Dilemma
Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients — to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death? Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient’s own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones.
Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide. As one physician wrote, “Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth’s sake, and that is as far as possible, do no harm.”
Armed with such a precept, a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that they assume will “do no harm” and may well help their patients. They may prescribe innumerable placebos, sound more encouraging than the facts warrant, and distort grave news, especially to the incurably ill and the dying.
But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now coming to be documents. Studies show that, contrary to the beliefs of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery.
Not only do lies not provide the “help” hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health, including the choice of whether to be a patient in the first place. We are becoming increasingly aware of all that can befall patients in the course of their illness when information is denied or distorted.
Dying patients especially — who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark — can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and take leave.
Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to their credibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are honest with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of “defensive medicine”, and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession.
There is urgent need to debate this issue openly. Not only in medicine, but in other professions as well, practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty where serious consequences seem avoidable only through deception. Yet the public has every reason to be wary of professional deception, for such practices are peculiarly likely to become deeply rooted, to spread, and to erode trust. Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying, “What you don’t know can’t hurt you.”
18．
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a summary of the following passage. You should write about 150 words and remember to write clearly on the COMPOSITION SHEET.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa
The leaning tower has never been straight. Not long after work began in 1173, the foundation settled unevenly, and the tower started inclining toward the north. Evidence for this initial incline can be seen in the design of the tower itself: to keep the first few stories level, worker, make the columns and arched of the third story on the sinking northern side just slightly taller than the features on the southern side. Political unrest in Pisa halted construction in 1178, in the middle of work on the fourth level. Work resumed almost 100 years later, in 1272, and by that time, the tower had tilted to the south — the direction it still points today. Again, designer hoped to correct the lean, this time by adjusting the height of the fifth story, making the southern side somewhat taller than the northern side. In 1278, with seven stories completed, work on the tower ceased once again because of political unrest. By 1292, the tower’s tilt was so obvious that a group of masons(石匠) were asked to investigate the problem — the first of many commissions to study the tower appointed over the past 700 years.
The eighth story and final addition, the bell chamber, was built between 1360 and 1370. Once more, architects attempted to correct for the southward lean, this time by angling the bell chamber northward. These efforts, combined with the slow time scale of construction, have so far prevented the tower from topping（倒塌） over.
Throughout the monument’s history, architects and engineers have attempted to halt the lean, but since regular monitoring began in 1911, the offset（偏移） at the top of the tower has increased at a fairly consistent rate of about 1.2 millimeters each year. Today the top of the tower is 5.227 meters off-center, visibly leaning south. Fears about the safety of the landmark became acute when a similarly constructed bell tower at the Cathedral at Pavia collapsed suddenly in 1989. Shortly thereafter, the tower at Pisa was closed to visitors.
In 1990, a special commission, composed of Italian and foreign experts in the fields of structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, history of art and restoration of monuments, was brought together by the Italian government to determine new ways to save the tower. The Tower of Pisa Project Consortium has supervised several projects that have stabilized the structure and slowed the rater of its incline.
Initial efforts focused on the exterior of the tower, but in the next few months, other, more radical techniques will be tried to halt the tower’s lean. There methods will be applied directly to the soil, modifying the tower’s footing. Large-scale filed trials are now under way at the Miracle Square, where the tower stands, but all work is being done far from the monument itself to guard against the possibility that altering the ground too close to the tower could eventually damage the building.
The ultimate goal is not to straighten the tower. Because the structure tilted in different direction during the early stages of construction, it became curved like a banana and will never stand truly upright. Instead, the experts and engineers hope to ease its top back some 10 or 20 centimeters. With luck, their efforts will keep the landmark standing into the next century, when a new generation of scientists will tackle the 800-year-old problem of the leaning tower of Pisa.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a summary of the following passage. You should write about 150 words and remember to write clearly on the COMPOSITION SHEET.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa
The leaning tower has never been straight. Not long after work began in 1173, the foundation settled unevenly, and the tower started inclining toward the north. Evidence for this initial incline can be seen in the design of the tower itself: to keep the first few stories level, worker, make the columns and arched of the third story on the sinking northern side just slightly taller than the features on the southern side. Political unrest in Pisa halted construction in 1178, in the middle of work on the fourth level. Work resumed almost 100 years later, in 1272, and by that time, the tower had tilted to the south — the direction it still points today. Again, designer hoped to correct the lean, this time by adjusting the height of the fifth story, making the southern side somewhat taller than the northern side. In 1278, with seven stories completed, work on the tower ceased once again because of political unrest. By 1292, the tower’s tilt was so obvious that a group of masons(石匠) were asked to investigate the problem — the first of many commissions to study the tower appointed over the past 700 years.
The eighth story and final addition, the bell chamber, was built between 1360 and 1370. Once more, architects attempted to correct for the southward lean, this time by angling the bell chamber northward. These efforts, combined with the slow time scale of construction, have so far prevented the tower from topping（倒塌） over.
Throughout the monument’s history, architects and engineers have attempted to halt the lean, but since regular monitoring began in 1911, the offset（偏移） at the top of the tower has increased at a fairly consistent rate of about 1.2 millimeters each year. Today the top of the tower is 5.227 meters off-center, visibly leaning south. Fears about the safety of the landmark became acute when a similarly constructed bell tower at the Cathedral at Pavia collapsed suddenly in 1989. Shortly thereafter, the tower at Pisa was closed to visitors.
In 1990, a special commission, composed of Italian and foreign experts in the fields of structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, history of art and restoration of monuments, was brought together by the Italian government to determine new ways to save the tower. The Tower of Pisa Project Consortium has supervised several projects that have stabilized the structure and slowed the rater of its incline.
Initial efforts focused on the exterior of the tower, but in the next few months, other, more radical techniques will be tried to halt the tower’s lean. There methods will be applied directly to the soil, modifying the tower’s footing. Large-scale filed trials are now under way at the Miracle Square, where the tower stands, but all work is being done far from the monument itself to guard against the possibility that altering the ground too close to the tower could eventually damage the building.
The ultimate goal is not to straighten the tower. Because the structure tilted in different direction during the early stages of construction, it became curved like a banana and will never stand truly upright. Instead, the experts and engineers hope to ease its top back some 10 or 20 centimeters. With luck, their efforts will keep the landmark standing into the next century, when a new generation of scientists will tackle the 800-year-old problem of the leaning tower of Pisa.
范文
1．Should College Students Be Allowed to Get Married?
There is no denying the fact that it is a hotly debated topic today whether college students should be allowed to get married. Some time ago, the ban was lifted by some universities on students getting married. To this people’s attitudes differ sharply. Some hold the positive view. They say that most college students are adults and that it is a basic right for those who have reached the appropriate ages to get married.
Many others, however, hold the opposite view. They claim that the university or college is a place to study instead of a community to lead a family life. Allowing college students to get married would adversely affect their study. For instance, they would spend too much time attending their family and love, unable to concentrate on their school work.
As far as I am concerned, I believe that it is OK to allow college students to get married. Anyway, this is their freedom. Actually, we don’t have to worry too much because facts have shown that most college students would choose not to get married in the face of such fierce competition and heavy school work.
(或 As far as I am concerned, I believe that college students should not be allowed to get married. Though mostly adults, they are actually immature psychologically. Their wish to get married is, more often than not, impulses. Besides, as students, they are not ready to support a family financially.
1．Should College Students Be Allowed to Get Married?
There is no denying the fact that it is a hotly debated topic today whether college students should be allowed to get married. Some time ago, the ban was lifted by some universities on students getting married. To this people’s attitudes differ sharply. Some hold the positive view. They say that most college students are adults and that it is a basic right for those who have reached the appropriate ages to get married.
Many others, however, hold the opposite view. They claim that the university or college is a place to study instead of a community to lead a family life. Allowing college students to get married would adversely affect their study. For instance, they would spend too much time attending their family and love, unable to concentrate on their school work.
As far as I am concerned, I believe that it is OK to allow college students to get married. Anyway, this is their freedom. Actually, we don’t have to worry too much because facts have shown that most college students would choose not to get married in the face of such fierce competition and heavy school work.
(或 As far as I am concerned, I believe that college students should not be allowed to get married. Though mostly adults, they are actually immature psychologically. Their wish to get married is, more often than not, impulses. Besides, as students, they are not ready to support a family financially.
2. Preferable Work
Some people prefer to work with people. Working with people usually makes one feel interesting and efficient. At the same time, it can give people power and competition and provides rivalry which can be a very effective motive in improving one's ability. In addition, people can get better ideas by way of consultation and conference with other people.
On the other hand, other people like jobs which mainly involve with objects or machine. They probably think that working with objects or machine will provide more peace and quiet. Under such peaceful conditions, one can do more practical work, improve one's skill and make technical renovations.
Of these two ways of working, I prefer working with people. First of all, I like working with people because of companionship. Second, although there are competition and rivalry, we can learn something from other people even if we don't like them.
Some people prefer to work with people. Working with people usually makes one feel interesting and efficient. At the same time, it can give people power and competition and provides rivalry which can be a very effective motive in improving one's ability. In addition, people can get better ideas by way of consultation and conference with other people.
On the other hand, other people like jobs which mainly involve with objects or machine. They probably think that working with objects or machine will provide more peace and quiet. Under such peaceful conditions, one can do more practical work, improve one's skill and make technical renovations.
Of these two ways of working, I prefer working with people. First of all, I like working with people because of companionship. Second, although there are competition and rivalry, we can learn something from other people even if we don't like them.
3. Part-time Jobs for College Students
There has been much controversy over part-time jobs for college students. People who are against it hold that the sole purpose of higher education is for the students to acquire knowledge. If they are engaged in part-time job they will be invariably distracted from their studies and as a result they can not fulfill the requirements mapped out by the State Education Commission.
The writer, however, thinks that there are several advantages for college students involved in part-time jobs. Firstly, part-time jobs provide opportunities for students to contact society so as to know the situation of the talent market. For instance, if a student works as a part-time governess, he or she will know what kind of professionals are urgently needed by the market and this will help him to choose a future job. Secondly, there are some financial gains from part-time jobs. Since the reform was carried out, institutions of higher education have started to collect tuition fees from students. Needless to say this means another financial burden on parents. And part-time jobs can serve as a partial solution to this problem. Last but not least, part-time jobs can cultivate students' sense of independence.
To sum up, part-time jobs can do a lot more good than bad to students as long as they can make best use of their time and raise the efficiency of their study.
There has been much controversy over part-time jobs for college students. People who are against it hold that the sole purpose of higher education is for the students to acquire knowledge. If they are engaged in part-time job they will be invariably distracted from their studies and as a result they can not fulfill the requirements mapped out by the State Education Commission.
The writer, however, thinks that there are several advantages for college students involved in part-time jobs. Firstly, part-time jobs provide opportunities for students to contact society so as to know the situation of the talent market. For instance, if a student works as a part-time governess, he or she will know what kind of professionals are urgently needed by the market and this will help him to choose a future job. Secondly, there are some financial gains from part-time jobs. Since the reform was carried out, institutions of higher education have started to collect tuition fees from students. Needless to say this means another financial burden on parents. And part-time jobs can serve as a partial solution to this problem. Last but not least, part-time jobs can cultivate students' sense of independence.
To sum up, part-time jobs can do a lot more good than bad to students as long as they can make best use of their time and raise the efficiency of their study.
4. The Development of Private Cars
With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families can now afford a car. Yet opinions on the development of a private car vary from person to person. Some claim that there are many advantages in possessing a car. It gives a much greater degree of comfort and mobility. The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport, and hence no irritation caused by waiting for buses or taxies. With a car he can go where he likes and when he wants, so much so that he can enjoy his leisure to the full by making trips to the country or seaside on the weekends, instead of being confined to his immediate neighborhood.
However, others strongly object to developing private cars. They maintain that as more and more cars are produced and run in the street, a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off, polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. In fact, private cars contribute to traffic congestion so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom are often cancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams.
In spite of all the above-mentioned, I still favor owning a car. The reason is that the car gives a person the freedom to schedule his own time. Though we are confronted with a problem of energy crisis, I am sure that the real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that uses cheap, efficient fuel and does not contaminate the air.
With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families can now afford a car. Yet opinions on the development of a private car vary from person to person. Some claim that there are many advantages in possessing a car. It gives a much greater degree of comfort and mobility. The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport, and hence no irritation caused by waiting for buses or taxies. With a car he can go where he likes and when he wants, so much so that he can enjoy his leisure to the full by making trips to the country or seaside on the weekends, instead of being confined to his immediate neighborhood.
However, others strongly object to developing private cars. They maintain that as more and more cars are produced and run in the street, a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off, polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. In fact, private cars contribute to traffic congestion so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom are often cancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams.
In spite of all the above-mentioned, I still favor owning a car. The reason is that the car gives a person the freedom to schedule his own time. Though we are confronted with a problem of energy crisis, I am sure that the real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that uses cheap, efficient fuel and does not contaminate the air.
5. Scientific Discovery — Curse Or Blessing
New scientific discovery nearly always brings mankind a blessing. Take electricity for example. Since its discovery, it has ushered in an era of countless inventions in close connection with it. Nowadays people can read and write by means of lights instead of candles. Fire is another example of discoveries which made human beings survive in ancient times and generates electricity in modern times. Again, minerals such as oil or coal discovered by man have long been used as fuel to develop industry and agriculture.
Yet sometimes scientific discoveries may prove a curse upon the human race. As we know, everything has two sides. Electricity can shock one to death if used carelessly. Smoke from factories and gases from cars are terrible pollutants. Radium used in nuclear power plants can lead to a nuclear war.
The misuse of scientific discoveries must be prevented. Since chemical elements or substances were discovered, some have been made use of for purpose of war. Such weapons as atomic bombs or poisonous gases have proved to be destructive to mankind. Therefore, it is the whole world's duty to prevent scientific discoveries from menacing the human race.
New scientific discovery nearly always brings mankind a blessing. Take electricity for example. Since its discovery, it has ushered in an era of countless inventions in close connection with it. Nowadays people can read and write by means of lights instead of candles. Fire is another example of discoveries which made human beings survive in ancient times and generates electricity in modern times. Again, minerals such as oil or coal discovered by man have long been used as fuel to develop industry and agriculture.
Yet sometimes scientific discoveries may prove a curse upon the human race. As we know, everything has two sides. Electricity can shock one to death if used carelessly. Smoke from factories and gases from cars are terrible pollutants. Radium used in nuclear power plants can lead to a nuclear war.
The misuse of scientific discoveries must be prevented. Since chemical elements or substances were discovered, some have been made use of for purpose of war. Such weapons as atomic bombs or poisonous gases have proved to be destructive to mankind. Therefore, it is the whole world's duty to prevent scientific discoveries from menacing the human race.
6．Internet — A Two-edged Sword
Internet is playing an increasingly important role in people's life. As a newborn information delivering system, the Internet has made seas of information available at our fingers’ tips. Besides, the Internet serves as the most convenient means for communication. Through the Internet, people can discuss various problems and make friends who share common views.
But just as a coin has two sides, Internet has its own drawbacks which should not be neglected. First, it costs an alarming amount of money to construct the system and the cost is very high to most Chinese consumers. Second, it is sometimes difficult for people to find the right information they are looking for since there is too much rubbish on the net. Finally, it is also difficult to prevent the net from the invasion of criminals.
Therefore, the Internet should be viewed as a two-edged sword, which presents us with both conveniences and troubles. But we should not give up eating for fear of choking. The best policy, as I see it, is to further develop the net and exert proper supervision over it so that it can benefit us in a better way.
Internet is playing an increasingly important role in people's life. As a newborn information delivering system, the Internet has made seas of information available at our fingers’ tips. Besides, the Internet serves as the most convenient means for communication. Through the Internet, people can discuss various problems and make friends who share common views.
But just as a coin has two sides, Internet has its own drawbacks which should not be neglected. First, it costs an alarming amount of money to construct the system and the cost is very high to most Chinese consumers. Second, it is sometimes difficult for people to find the right information they are looking for since there is too much rubbish on the net. Finally, it is also difficult to prevent the net from the invasion of criminals.
Therefore, the Internet should be viewed as a two-edged sword, which presents us with both conveniences and troubles. But we should not give up eating for fear of choking. The best policy, as I see it, is to further develop the net and exert proper supervision over it so that it can benefit us in a better way.
7．The Greatest Invention in the Past Century
When asked about the greatest invention in the past century, some people may claim that it is the computer; others may say it is the mobile phone; still others may say it is the automobile. In my opinion, however, it is the Internet.
Of course, the computer, or the electric brain, has greatly facilitated our mental work and spare us the burden of calculating, restoring and searching; the automobile saves us time and makes our travel more convenient and the mobile phone has got people closer. But, these are just the extension of human brain, legs and voice. The Internet, however, has changed human life in a more fundamental way since its birth.
First, as a newborn information delivering system, the Internet has made various information available at our finger's tip. Besides, Internet serves as the most convenient means for communication. Through Internet, people can discuss various problems and make friends. Last but not least, the Internet is also a faithful aid in our daily life since people can go shopping and get medical services online.
To sum up, the Internet is indeed the most interesting and important invention man has ever made.
When asked about the greatest invention in the past century, some people may claim that it is the computer; others may say it is the mobile phone; still others may say it is the automobile. In my opinion, however, it is the Internet.
Of course, the computer, or the electric brain, has greatly facilitated our mental work and spare us the burden of calculating, restoring and searching; the automobile saves us time and makes our travel more convenient and the mobile phone has got people closer. But, these are just the extension of human brain, legs and voice. The Internet, however, has changed human life in a more fundamental way since its birth.
First, as a newborn information delivering system, the Internet has made various information available at our finger's tip. Besides, Internet serves as the most convenient means for communication. Through Internet, people can discuss various problems and make friends. Last but not least, the Internet is also a faithful aid in our daily life since people can go shopping and get medical services online.
To sum up, the Internet is indeed the most interesting and important invention man has ever made.
8. Brain Drain
Brain drain is a delicate problem with which this country is confronted. In the last ten years or so, a lot of scientists and technicians have swarmed into developed countries for further studies or research work, let alone numerous promising students. And there are no indications that they will be back home before long. This country has paid the expenses of training them but lost them. How did that come about?
It is self-evident that their delay of coming back is due to those favorable working and living conditions which are essential to research work. Sophisticated equipment makes it easier for one to gain academic achievements. Our competent scientists abroad are offered higher rewards and greater opportunities which contribute to their success in career.
It seems that it isn't impossible to solve the problem. The scientists and the like can be attracted back home so long as great importance is attached to the intellectual's deserving treatment and effective measures are taken to provide them with excellent pay and agreeable conditions.
Brain drain is a delicate problem with which this country is confronted. In the last ten years or so, a lot of scientists and technicians have swarmed into developed countries for further studies or research work, let alone numerous promising students. And there are no indications that they will be back home before long. This country has paid the expenses of training them but lost them. How did that come about?
It is self-evident that their delay of coming back is due to those favorable working and living conditions which are essential to research work. Sophisticated equipment makes it easier for one to gain academic achievements. Our competent scientists abroad are offered higher rewards and greater opportunities which contribute to their success in career.
It seems that it isn't impossible to solve the problem. The scientists and the like can be attracted back home so long as great importance is attached to the intellectual's deserving treatment and effective measures are taken to provide them with excellent pay and agreeable conditions.
9. How to Solve Energy Crisis
Man is faced with a grave problem—the energy crisis, which is becoming increasingly serious. First, with the increase in the world's population, the demand for fuels is growing steadily. Second, the rapid development of industry and agriculture calls for an increasing amount of coal, oil and natural gas.
Confronted with the energy crisis, we should take a series of effective measures to save energy. For one thing, it is high time that people all over the world realized the severe fact that our natural resources have been fixed since the earth was created. For another, the governments of all countries are supposed to lay down the rules and regulations to restrict the amount of gas used by cars. Finally, scientific researches should be encouraged to work out efficient methods of saving fuels and to seek new sources of energy.
Personally, I believe that solar energy is a possible source of clean, inexpensive and abundant energy. It does not pollute the environment and costs only as much as the installation of solar panels to absorb the sun's rays. Consequently, I'm confident that a bright future is awaiting us because solar energy will be able to help us to solve the energy crisis.
Man is faced with a grave problem—the energy crisis, which is becoming increasingly serious. First, with the increase in the world's population, the demand for fuels is growing steadily. Second, the rapid development of industry and agriculture calls for an increasing amount of coal, oil and natural gas.
Confronted with the energy crisis, we should take a series of effective measures to save energy. For one thing, it is high time that people all over the world realized the severe fact that our natural resources have been fixed since the earth was created. For another, the governments of all countries are supposed to lay down the rules and regulations to restrict the amount of gas used by cars. Finally, scientific researches should be encouraged to work out efficient methods of saving fuels and to seek new sources of energy.
Personally, I believe that solar energy is a possible source of clean, inexpensive and abundant energy. It does not pollute the environment and costs only as much as the installation of solar panels to absorb the sun's rays. Consequently, I'm confident that a bright future is awaiting us because solar energy will be able to help us to solve the energy crisis.
10. Fire Accidents in Big Cities
In recent years there has been a marked growth of fire accidents in big cities of our country. Almost every day we see fire engines rushing through streets. Fires have not only resulted in heavy economic losses but also injured and killed many people.
What are the causes of fire accidents? Most of the fires are brought about by carelessness and violation of fire safety regulations. Others are due to the poor quality of home electrical appliances. By the way, some people don't know how to use them properly. Besides, there are quite a few businesses which focus so much of their attention on profits that they tend to neglect and even ignore fire precautions.
In my opinion, in order to prevent fires we should first of all foster people's sense of fire prevention. The second thing we have to do is to increase the number of professional fire fighters, to whom regular training courses should be offered. Finally, we are to improve the existing fire engines and add more fire facilities to high-rise buildings. In this way, a reliable fire prevention system will be formed.
In recent years there has been a marked growth of fire accidents in big cities of our country. Almost every day we see fire engines rushing through streets. Fires have not only resulted in heavy economic losses but also injured and killed many people.
What are the causes of fire accidents? Most of the fires are brought about by carelessness and violation of fire safety regulations. Others are due to the poor quality of home electrical appliances. By the way, some people don't know how to use them properly. Besides, there are quite a few businesses which focus so much of their attention on profits that they tend to neglect and even ignore fire precautions.
In my opinion, in order to prevent fires we should first of all foster people's sense of fire prevention. The second thing we have to do is to increase the number of professional fire fighters, to whom regular training courses should be offered. Finally, we are to improve the existing fire engines and add more fire facilities to high-rise buildings. In this way, a reliable fire prevention system will be formed.
11． Practice Makes Perfect
A well-known proverb goes “Practice makes perfect”, which means that perfection lies in practice. Without practice, you can never expect to be really good at anything. On the contrary, the more you practice, the more likely you are to do things in a perfect way.
Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list. The study of English is a case in point. If you wish to improve your pronunciation, you must practice pronouncing every English syllable again and again. Likewise, if you want to write an excellent composition, you have to sit down and write.
Another example is Deng Yaping, the world No. 1 woman Ping-pong player. This short girl, who does not seem to be cut out for sports, owes her success to painstaking and perseverant practice.
In short, practice is essential if we want to make achievements in our studies or work, or indeed in any other aspect of our life. Practice, to some degree, can make the difference between being merely good at something and becoming a champion.
A well-known proverb goes “Practice makes perfect”, which means that perfection lies in practice. Without practice, you can never expect to be really good at anything. On the contrary, the more you practice, the more likely you are to do things in a perfect way.
Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list. The study of English is a case in point. If you wish to improve your pronunciation, you must practice pronouncing every English syllable again and again. Likewise, if you want to write an excellent composition, you have to sit down and write.
Another example is Deng Yaping, the world No. 1 woman Ping-pong player. This short girl, who does not seem to be cut out for sports, owes her success to painstaking and perseverant practice.
In short, practice is essential if we want to make achievements in our studies or work, or indeed in any other aspect of our life. Practice, to some degree, can make the difference between being merely good at something and becoming a champion.
12．Against a Robbery
Yesterday afternoon，Mrs. Luo left home for shopping. Halfway down the stairs, she found her way blocked by two men armed with knives. They threatened her, saying that they would stab her if she made any noise. Then, they forced her to take them to her flat and open the door. It seemed that Mrs. Luo was be in a big trouble and was bound to lose money or life.
In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat, others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.
The two criminals were arrested and taken to the police station with their wrists handcuffed. There they would be questioned and probably charged with robbery.
Yesterday afternoon，Mrs. Luo left home for shopping. Halfway down the stairs, she found her way blocked by two men armed with knives. They threatened her, saying that they would stab her if she made any noise. Then, they forced her to take them to her flat and open the door. It seemed that Mrs. Luo was be in a big trouble and was bound to lose money or life.
In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat, others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.
The two criminals were arrested and taken to the police station with their wrists handcuffed. There they would be questioned and probably charged with robbery.
13. The Robot is a Machine after All
As is vividly shown in the pictures, a man and a robot were playing cards. Obviously, the man was losing, for he was with a sad face. The robot, on the other hand, was smiling. Then the man went to open the body of the robot and changed something inside it. A moment later, they were back again to the game. Now it was the robot’s turn to frown: nearly all the coins were won over by the man.
Simple as the cartoons are, their symbolic meaning is profound and far-reaching: the robot is but a robot, a product by man. It can never really defeat human beings; much less can they control or replace man. With this in mind, we need no longer worry about the miserable fate of human beings as foretold by some pessimists or as described in some American films like “The Star War” or “Matrix”.
While we should be optimistic about the future of human beings, we need also be warrant of the danger resulting from some inappropriate use of modern technology, like that of gene and cloning, which might endanger mankind either physically or morally. We might not be defeated by robots, but we might be ruined by ourselves.
As is vividly shown in the pictures, a man and a robot were playing cards. Obviously, the man was losing, for he was with a sad face. The robot, on the other hand, was smiling. Then the man went to open the body of the robot and changed something inside it. A moment later, they were back again to the game. Now it was the robot’s turn to frown: nearly all the coins were won over by the man.
Simple as the cartoons are, their symbolic meaning is profound and far-reaching: the robot is but a robot, a product by man. It can never really defeat human beings; much less can they control or replace man. With this in mind, we need no longer worry about the miserable fate of human beings as foretold by some pessimists or as described in some American films like “The Star War” or “Matrix”.
While we should be optimistic about the future of human beings, we need also be warrant of the danger resulting from some inappropriate use of modern technology, like that of gene and cloning, which might endanger mankind either physically or morally. We might not be defeated by robots, but we might be ruined by ourselves.
14. A Letter of Application for a Job
June 17th, 2006
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am responding to your advertisement in China Daily on June 10th, 2006, which invites applications for interpreters. Enclosed with this letter is my resume which details my background.
I believe that I am the best candidate for this position. In the first place, I have been studying for four years in Beijing Foreign Studies University, one of the most prestigious language schools in China, which has provided me with a desirable command of English skills. In the second place, I have taken part in a number of social activities in the past years, which have helped cultivate my team-spirit and creativity. Besides, I have attended training courses for interpretation and have obtained related certificates. Last but not least, I have worked as a part-time interpreter, so I am well prepared for this job.
I would treasure the chance and exert every effort to do a good job if I had the luck to be provided with the position. Besides, I shall be much obliged if you will afford me an opportunity for an interview, and I appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience.
Thank you for considering this application.
Best regards.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
June 17th, 2006
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am responding to your advertisement in China Daily on June 10th, 2006, which invites applications for interpreters. Enclosed with this letter is my resume which details my background.
I believe that I am the best candidate for this position. In the first place, I have been studying for four years in Beijing Foreign Studies University, one of the most prestigious language schools in China, which has provided me with a desirable command of English skills. In the second place, I have taken part in a number of social activities in the past years, which have helped cultivate my team-spirit and creativity. Besides, I have attended training courses for interpretation and have obtained related certificates. Last but not least, I have worked as a part-time interpreter, so I am well prepared for this job.
I would treasure the chance and exert every effort to do a good job if I had the luck to be provided with the position. Besides, I shall be much obliged if you will afford me an opportunity for an interview, and I appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience.
Thank you for considering this application.
Best regards.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
15．The Goal of Life
A story goes that a disabled young man managed to reach the peak of every famous high mountain in the world before he was 28. He did all this just as his parents told him to do in their will. But the young man committed suicide in the end and his last words were: “now I have nothing to do with all my goals achieved and my fame well established. I have no new goals.”
This story might not be true, but it conveys profound messages. First, one should have a grand ideal and associate it with the needs of society. Secondly, one should have his own pursuits and should not follow others blindly.
The story is especially instructive when we think of similar happenings around us. Some people, after making a fortune, feel empty and desperate, resorting to drugs or other low style of life. Still more young people do the same because they are in lack of lofty ideals and are only drifting with the tide.
As far as I am concerned, I would like to devote myself to any cause that is beneficial to mankind. My short-term goal is to learn about environmental protection and find a job in this field. And I believe this is a meaningful and useful career. It is worth my life-long efforts. I will keep finding and attaining new goals in this field.
A story goes that a disabled young man managed to reach the peak of every famous high mountain in the world before he was 28. He did all this just as his parents told him to do in their will. But the young man committed suicide in the end and his last words were: “now I have nothing to do with all my goals achieved and my fame well established. I have no new goals.”
This story might not be true, but it conveys profound messages. First, one should have a grand ideal and associate it with the needs of society. Secondly, one should have his own pursuits and should not follow others blindly.
The story is especially instructive when we think of similar happenings around us. Some people, after making a fortune, feel empty and desperate, resorting to drugs or other low style of life. Still more young people do the same because they are in lack of lofty ideals and are only drifting with the tide.
As far as I am concerned, I would like to devote myself to any cause that is beneficial to mankind. My short-term goal is to learn about environmental protection and find a job in this field. And I believe this is a meaningful and useful career. It is worth my life-long efforts. I will keep finding and attaining new goals in this field.
16．What Will Money Bring Us, Fortune or Misfortune?
A story goes that once an apartment building caught fire. Among the survivors was a boy of five, who crawled out of the building by himself with a wet towel covering his nose. But his father, who taught the boy the way, got killed, for he went back again for his money.
Simple as the story is, it conveys a profound message: money can be more deadly than fire.
Actually, there is no denying the fact that it has been a controversial topic “what will money bring us, fortune or misfortune?” Quite a few people would choose the former instantly, for they believe that money can buy them also everything. There are, of course, people who hate money and believe it is the source of misfortune.
As far as I am concerned, I think that money itself cannot bring us fortune or misfortune, but our attitudes towards it can. Be the master of money and you will drive it to work for you, to buy you necessities and to enjoy your life. However, if you take yourself a slave of money, you will surely fall into the pit of misfortune one day. You will be tempted by money and lose your compass of life. You will even lose your life, as the father in the story did. So, friends, wake up and be the lord of money!
A story goes that once an apartment building caught fire. Among the survivors was a boy of five, who crawled out of the building by himself with a wet towel covering his nose. But his father, who taught the boy the way, got killed, for he went back again for his money.
Simple as the story is, it conveys a profound message: money can be more deadly than fire.
Actually, there is no denying the fact that it has been a controversial topic “what will money bring us, fortune or misfortune?” Quite a few people would choose the former instantly, for they believe that money can buy them also everything. There are, of course, people who hate money and believe it is the source of misfortune.
As far as I am concerned, I think that money itself cannot bring us fortune or misfortune, but our attitudes towards it can. Be the master of money and you will drive it to work for you, to buy you necessities and to enjoy your life. However, if you take yourself a slave of money, you will surely fall into the pit of misfortune one day. You will be tempted by money and lose your compass of life. You will even lose your life, as the father in the story did. So, friends, wake up and be the lord of money!
17．To Lie or not to Lie — the Doctor’s Dilemma
Doctors are often confronted such a choice: to lie or not to lie to their patient. Studies show that they often believe it is reasonable to lie for the patient’s own sake. Most doctors believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and if they tell them the truth, they may lose their hope. Because of such a belief, many doctors may tell “white lies” to their patients.
But now facts are proving that these doctors are wrong. Actually, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to know the truth. We are also learning that truthful information can help patients deal with their disease if we tell it in a proper way.
Lies cannot help the patients. Besides, they invade their autonomy and make them unable to make sound decisions. Lies also do harm to those who tell them, their colleagues and the entire medical profession. Therefore, we need to debate this issue openly and put an end to professional deception.
Doctors are often confronted such a choice: to lie or not to lie to their patient. Studies show that they often believe it is reasonable to lie for the patient’s own sake. Most doctors believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and if they tell them the truth, they may lose their hope. Because of such a belief, many doctors may tell “white lies” to their patients.
But now facts are proving that these doctors are wrong. Actually, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to know the truth. We are also learning that truthful information can help patients deal with their disease if we tell it in a proper way.
Lies cannot help the patients. Besides, they invade their autonomy and make them unable to make sound decisions. Lies also do harm to those who tell them, their colleagues and the entire medical profession. Therefore, we need to debate this issue openly and put an end to professional deception.
18．The Leaning Tower of Pisa
The tower of Pisa has never been upright. Its leaning can date back to the time not long after it was built in 1173. First, the tower tilted towards the north. Then during the prolonged process of construction till 1370, the tower had always been leaning to the south.
Throughout the monument’s history, many efforts have been made to halt the lean. These efforts have so far helped prevented the tower from topping over. But since 1911, the offset at the top of the tower has increased at a fairly consistent rate. Shortly after 1989, for the sake of safety, the tower at Pisa was closed to visitors.
In 1990, a special commission was organized to find new ways to save the tower. At first the commission worked mainly on the outside of the tower, but in the next few months, more radical techniques will be tried to stop the tower’s lean. The ultimate goal is not to straighten the tower but to ease its top back a little. With luck, the landmark can stand into the next century.
The tower of Pisa has never been upright. Its leaning can date back to the time not long after it was built in 1173. First, the tower tilted towards the north. Then during the prolonged process of construction till 1370, the tower had always been leaning to the south.
Throughout the monument’s history, many efforts have been made to halt the lean. These efforts have so far helped prevented the tower from topping over. But since 1911, the offset at the top of the tower has increased at a fairly consistent rate. Shortly after 1989, for the sake of safety, the tower at Pisa was closed to visitors.
In 1990, a special commission was organized to find new ways to save the tower. At first the commission worked mainly on the outside of the tower, but in the next few months, more radical techniques will be tried to stop the tower’s lean. The ultimate goal is not to straighten the tower but to ease its top back a little. With luck, the landmark can stand into the next century.
附录 写作练习答案
二、写作常见错误分析
一、语法错误
（一）句子结构错误
1． 主从句叠置
1) There are more and more students who like to use the computer. / More and more students like to use the computer.
2) There are still many problems that should be noted and resolved. / Many problems still should be noted and resolved.
2． 简单句叠置
I like chatting on line very much, so I go to the net bar almost every weekend. / I like chatting on line very much. I go to the net bar almost every weekend.
3． 从句叠置
It is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life. / As is known to all, computers play an important role in many fields of our life.
4． 句子成分缺失
If we work hard, we will surely be successful. /Working hard, we will surely be successful.
5． 语序错误
1) Why do college students spend more and more time on the computer?
2) I often wonder where they have got their money.
（二）动词形式错误
1．时态错误
Many people think that the Internet will be more useful in the future.
2．语态形式错误
1) I have been excited several days at the news that you will come here.
2) Most of the students are satisfied with the service in the dining hall.
3．单复数形式错误
1)Wise men seek opportunities rather than wait for them. / A wise man seeks opportunities rather than wait for them.
2)Some people are afraid that computers may control men in the future.
4．非谓语动词形式错误
1)Let me say “hello” to you on behalf of everyone.
2)Doing exercise in the morning is good for one’s health.
3)Having studied in our school for 3 years, I find that the canteen service has changed a lot.
（三）代词错误
1)We can use computers in doing everything we like.
2)A college student should be able to do his washing on his own.
（四）冠词错误
1)A/The horse is a useful animal.
2)The exam will be held in December, 2004.
（五）词性错误
1)I wish you can consider my suggestions.
2)If a person wants to succeed, he must learn to endure sufferings and setbacks.
二、写作常见错误分析
一、语法错误
（一）句子结构错误
1． 主从句叠置
1) There are more and more students who like to use the computer. / More and more students like to use the computer.
2) There are still many problems that should be noted and resolved. / Many problems still should be noted and resolved.
2． 简单句叠置
I like chatting on line very much, so I go to the net bar almost every weekend. / I like chatting on line very much. I go to the net bar almost every weekend.
3． 从句叠置
It is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life. / As is known to all, computers play an important role in many fields of our life.
4． 句子成分缺失
If we work hard, we will surely be successful. /Working hard, we will surely be successful.
5． 语序错误
1) Why do college students spend more and more time on the computer?
2) I often wonder where they have got their money.
（二）动词形式错误
1．时态错误
Many people think that the Internet will be more useful in the future.
2．语态形式错误
1) I have been excited several days at the news that you will come here.
2) Most of the students are satisfied with the service in the dining hall.
3．单复数形式错误
1)Wise men seek opportunities rather than wait for them. / A wise man seeks opportunities rather than wait for them.
2)Some people are afraid that computers may control men in the future.
4．非谓语动词形式错误
1)Let me say “hello” to you on behalf of everyone.
2)Doing exercise in the morning is good for one’s health.
3)Having studied in our school for 3 years, I find that the canteen service has changed a lot.
（三）代词错误
1)We can use computers in doing everything we like.
2)A college student should be able to do his washing on his own.
（四）冠词错误
1)A/The horse is a useful animal.
2)The exam will be held in December, 2004.
（五）词性错误
1)I wish you can consider my suggestions.
2)If a person wants to succeed, he must learn to endure sufferings and setbacks.
二、用词错误
1)Students must know how to operate a computer. / Students must know how to work on a computer.
2)People can be exposed to many new things on the Internet. / People can learn many new things on the Internet.
3)The purpose of this letter is to express some opinions on the service in the dining hall. / The purpose of this letter is to make some complaints about the service in the dining hall.
1)Students must know how to operate a computer. / Students must know how to work on a computer.
2)People can be exposed to many new things on the Internet. / People can learn many new things on the Internet.
3)The purpose of this letter is to express some opinions on the service in the dining hall. / The purpose of this letter is to make some complaints about the service in the dining hall.
三、表达习惯错误
1)What generated so large a change? / Why is there so large a change?
2)Now 6000 yuan is enough for you to buy a P4 computer. / Now you can buy a P4 computer for 6000 yuan.
3)In a room often live 6-8 students.
4)I think there are three reasons for this great change.
5)The prices of the food are too high. / The food is too expensive.
6)The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard. / This is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.
1)What generated so large a change? / Why is there so large a change?
2)Now 6000 yuan is enough for you to buy a P4 computer. / Now you can buy a P4 computer for 6000 yuan.
3)In a room often live 6-8 students.
4)I think there are three reasons for this great change.
5)The prices of the food are too high. / The food is too expensive.
6)The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard. / This is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.
四、标点符号及大小写错误
1)However, every coin has two sides. I think the surroundings in our canteen are the best among all universities.
2)The man was racing down the street because he was late for the class.
3)At last I want to let you know that I love our university very much.
4)My favorite sports are swimming, jogging, mountaineering and playing table tennis.
5)The best English film in my eyes is Forrest Gump.
1)However, every coin has two sides. I think the surroundings in our canteen are the best among all universities.
2)The man was racing down the street because he was late for the class.
3)At last I want to let you know that I love our university very much.
4)My favorite sports are swimming, jogging, mountaineering and playing table tennis.
5)The best English film in my eyes is Forrest Gump.
五、冠词用法讲练
EXERCISE 1
A. 1. a 2. an
3. an 4. an
5. an 6. an
7. a 8. an
B. 1. a new office building 2. travel agent
3. an American scientist 4. a day’s outing
5. an Indian stamp 6. a heart attack
7. an advanced country 8. an interesting play
EXERCISE 2
1. A (telephone); a 2.x; x; x
3. a; a; an; a 4.a; a; a; an
5. a; a; a; a; a 6.an; a; x; an; x; a; a
7. a; an 8.x
1. A (telephone); a 2.x; x; x
3. a; a; an; a 4.a; a; a; an
5. a; a; a; a; a 6.an; a; x; an; x; a; a
7. a; an 8.x
EXERCISE 3
A. 1. a (very bad night); a (wink)
2. an (honesty)
3. a (vision of a new and happier Europe)
4. a (holiday); a (day off); a (month)
5. an (hourly service)
6. a (great honour); a (gathering)
7. a (mountain); a (horror)
8. an (early age)
9. a (word)
10.a (boy)
B. 1. a (big problem); (not too big) a (problem)
2. a (square nose); (so handsome) a (man)
3. (However great) a (disaster)
4. (Many) a (shipwrecked sailor)
5. (Such) an (urgent need)
6. (So urgent) a (need)
7. (as lovely)a (picture)
8. (what) a (serious crisis)
9. (many) a (greater man)
10. (How serious) a (crime)
A. 1. a (very bad night); a (wink)
2. an (honesty)
3. a (vision of a new and happier Europe)
4. a (holiday); a (day off); a (month)
5. an (hourly service)
6. a (great honour); a (gathering)
7. a (mountain); a (horror)
8. an (early age)
9. a (word)
10.a (boy)
B. 1. a (big problem); (not too big) a (problem)
2. a (square nose); (so handsome) a (man)
3. (However great) a (disaster)
4. (Many) a (shipwrecked sailor)
5. (Such) an (urgent need)
6. (So urgent) a (need)
7. (as lovely)a (picture)
8. (what) a (serious crisis)
9. (many) a (greater man)
10. (How serious) a (crime)
EXERCISE 4
1. the; x 2. x; The(forests)
3. x; The(nature) 4. The (education); x
7. x; the 8. the; x
1. the; x 2. x; The(forests)
3. x; The(nature) 4. The (education); x
7. x; the 8. the; x
EXERCISE 5
A. 1.x; a; the 2. The (steam-engine); the
3. The (bat); a 4. x; the; x; a
5. the 6. a; the; x; x
7. The(prison);a 8. The (youngest); x; the; x
B. 1.The (horse); a (noble animal); a (faithful servant)
2. a (game)
3. the (school); the (behaviour);the (pupils)
4. The (dinner); the (speeches)
5. the (setting of goals)
6. the (hospital); (at) the (end of)t he (week)
7. the (radio)
8. The (flute)
9. (have) a; the (city center); (get) a; (on) the (bus)
10. the (ground); the (wood)
A. 1.x; a; the 2. The (steam-engine); the
3. The (bat); a 4. x; the; x; a
5. the 6. a; the; x; x
7. The(prison);a 8. The (youngest); x; the; x
B. 1.The (horse); a (noble animal); a (faithful servant)
2. a (game)
3. the (school); the (behaviour);the (pupils)
4. The (dinner); the (speeches)
5. the (setting of goals)
6. the (hospital); (at) the (end of)t he (week)
7. the (radio)
8. The (flute)
9. (have) a; the (city center); (get) a; (on) the (bus)
10. the (ground); the (wood)
EXERCISE 6
A. 1.The; the; the 2. The; the
3. The; the 4. The (wool); the
5. x; the; x 6. the; the; the; x
7. the; the 8. x; x; x
9. the; the 10. x
B. 1. the British Museum 2. the Suez Canal
3. the difference between 4. the Wilsons
these two words
5. in the first row 6. the year 1949
A. 1.The; the; the 2. The; the
3. The; the 4. The (wool); the
5. x; the; x 6. the; the; the; x
7. the; the 8. x; x; x
9. the; the 10. x
B. 1. the British Museum 2. the Suez Canal
3. the difference between 4. the Wilsons
these two words
5. in the first row 6. the year 1949
EXERCISE 7
(The) People everywhere … When (the) strangers … (The) Good manners … in (the) different parts … accepting (the) gifts … shows (the) bad manners … even (the) rudeness … with (the) good manners accept (the) important things with (the) both hands …to accept (the) important things shows not only (the) discourtesy … In (the) Europe and (the) North America, however, (the) people…
(The) People everywhere … When (the) strangers … (The) Good manners … in (the) different parts … accepting (the) gifts … shows (the) bad manners … even (the) rudeness … with (the) good manners accept (the) important things with (the) both hands …to accept (the) important things shows not only (the) discourtesy … In (the) Europe and (the) North America, however, (the) people…
六、标点符号用法讲练
EXERCISE 1
1. The…identity: Lt, Henry Bedell, Company D, 11th Vermont Volunteers…old.
2. It…that Dad…already－farming 80 acres…job.
3. Now I’m…point－but what …there?
4. Rain, snow, sleet, fog…world.
5. During…tourists; during the winter…beach.
6. To…extent, mankind…earth.
7. Like…wild life,…reproduce, grow…fall.
8. The…Jim Thorpe, the greatest American…times.
9. The…enormous, juicy…appetizing.
10. I…kids－educated…the West…movies－would be disappointed.
11. I…statue. Its soul, so to speak, is…beauty.
12. The…students, teachers, doctors, businessmen, factory workers－people…life.
13. Is…underground－in new…caves?
14. I…－by correspondence－that I…her at Beijing Hotel…Thursday.
15. Passengers…beverages: coffee, tea, milk or soda.
16. Present…Mr. Ho, Chairman…English Department; Mr. Brown, a visiting…Denmark; and…us.
17. The…patients; it…of “defensive medicine”.
18. His…with them－he had…once made…help.
1. The…identity: Lt, Henry Bedell, Company D, 11th Vermont Volunteers…old.
2. It…that Dad…already－farming 80 acres…job.
3. Now I’m…point－but what …there?
4. Rain, snow, sleet, fog…world.
5. During…tourists; during the winter…beach.
6. To…extent, mankind…earth.
7. Like…wild life,…reproduce, grow…fall.
8. The…Jim Thorpe, the greatest American…times.
9. The…enormous, juicy…appetizing.
10. I…kids－educated…the West…movies－would be disappointed.
11. I…statue. Its soul, so to speak, is…beauty.
12. The…students, teachers, doctors, businessmen, factory workers－people…life.
13. Is…underground－in new…caves?
14. I…－by correspondence－that I…her at Beijing Hotel…Thursday.
15. Passengers…beverages: coffee, tea, milk or soda.
16. Present…Mr. Ho, Chairman…English Department; Mr. Brown, a visiting…Denmark; and…us.
17. The…patients; it…of “defensive medicine”.
18. His…with them－he had…once made…help.
EXERCISE 2
1….work, for…
2….down; as a result, we…
3….note; it…
4….watch, yet…
5…..tired, so…
6. …booming; consequently, the company…
7. …in it, and it was…
8. … looking; the food, however, is…
9….compulsory; the students… choice, therefore
10…coffee; others…
11…costly; nevertheless, we…
12…weightlessness; moreover, they…
1….work, for…
2….down; as a result, we…
3….note; it…
4….watch, yet…
5…..tired, so…
6. …booming; consequently, the company…
7. …in it, and it was…
8. … looking; the food, however, is…
9….compulsory; the students… choice, therefore
10…coffee; others…
11…costly; nevertheless, we…
12…weightlessness; moreover, they…
EXERCISE 3
1. … death; …
2. …sunlight. We…/…sunlight; we…
3. …May, yet/but snow…
4. …years; for example, …
5. …quiet; …
6. …night; I…/….night, and/so I…
7. …punished; in fact…/…punished. In fact…
8. …food, and so…./food; therefore, I….
9. …very; what…./…vary. What…
10. …TV; Marie…/…TV, and Marie…
1. … death; …
2. …sunlight. We…/…sunlight; we…
3. …May, yet/but snow…
4. …years; for example, …
5. …quiet; …
6. …night; I…/….night, and/so I…
7. …punished; in fact…/…punished. In fact…
8. …food, and so…./food; therefore, I….
9. …very; what…./…vary. What…
10. …TV; Marie…/…TV, and Marie…
EXERCISE 4
1. “On Friday,” the teacher announced, “we’ll take up a new lesson.”
2. “ What,” he asked, “do we have to prepare for the camping trip?”
3. C
4. He greets everyone with “Hi!”
5. “You may think I have a lot of garbage in these bags,” one shopping-bag lady volunteered in a church soup kitchen, “but it’s everything I need.”
6. C
7. “It pains me,” I said, “to find that you both have been panhandling so long that it no longer embarrasses you.”
8. Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the “What do I do with myself?” question, even though there may be no financial worries.
1. “On Friday,” the teacher announced, “we’ll take up a new lesson.”
2. “ What,” he asked, “do we have to prepare for the camping trip?”
3. C
4. He greets everyone with “Hi!”
5. “You may think I have a lot of garbage in these bags,” one shopping-bag lady volunteered in a church soup kitchen, “but it’s everything I need.”
6. C
7. “It pains me,” I said, “to find that you both have been panhandling so long that it no longer embarrasses you.”
8. Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the “What do I do with myself?” question, even though there may be no financial worries.
EXERCISE 5
1. At one o’clock on September 2, 1666, the Great Fire of London started inside a baker’s shop in Pudding Lane. It lasted five days, and nearly 80% of all the buildings within the London Wall were razed. According to the official report, 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, over 400 streets, and the enormous old St. Paul’s Cathedral－one of the wonders of the medieval world－were in ruins. Out of London’s 450 acres, only 75 remained untouched.
Robert Hubert, a French watchmaker from Rouen, was accused of the fire. The sentence said he “had deliberately started the fire”. After he was hanged, it was conclusively proved that he had not even arrived in London until two days after the fire broke out.
2. Mr. Jones was very fond of climbing mountains, so one year he went to Switzerland for his holidays. After he had climbed some easy mountains, he decided one day to climb a more difficult one; but he did not want to go up it alone, so he found a good Swiss guide, who had often climbed that mountain.
At first it was not a difficult climb, but then they came to a place which was not so easy. The guide stopped, turned round and warned Mr Jones. “Be careful here,”he said “This is a dangerous place. You can easily fall, and if you do, you will fall straight down a very long way.” “But,”he continued calmly, “if you do fall here, don’t forget to look to the right while you are going down. There is a quite extraordinarily beautiful view there－much more beautiful than the one you can see from here.”
3. It is the simple things that really matter. If a man delights in his wife and children, has success in work, and finds pleasure in the alternation of day and night, spring and autumn, he will be happy whatever his philosophy may be. If, on the other hand, he finds his wife hateful, his children’s noise unendurable, and the office a nightmare, if in the daytime he longs for night, and at night he sighs for the light of day－then what he needs is not a new philosophy but a new pattern of life－a different diet, or more exercise. Man is an animal, and his happiness depends on his physiology more than he likes to think. Unhappy business men, I am convinced, would increase their happiness more by walking six miles every day than by any conceivable change of philosophy.
1. At one o’clock on September 2, 1666, the Great Fire of London started inside a baker’s shop in Pudding Lane. It lasted five days, and nearly 80% of all the buildings within the London Wall were razed. According to the official report, 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, over 400 streets, and the enormous old St. Paul’s Cathedral－one of the wonders of the medieval world－were in ruins. Out of London’s 450 acres, only 75 remained untouched.
Robert Hubert, a French watchmaker from Rouen, was accused of the fire. The sentence said he “had deliberately started the fire”. After he was hanged, it was conclusively proved that he had not even arrived in London until two days after the fire broke out.
2. Mr. Jones was very fond of climbing mountains, so one year he went to Switzerland for his holidays. After he had climbed some easy mountains, he decided one day to climb a more difficult one; but he did not want to go up it alone, so he found a good Swiss guide, who had often climbed that mountain.
At first it was not a difficult climb, but then they came to a place which was not so easy. The guide stopped, turned round and warned Mr Jones. “Be careful here,”he said “This is a dangerous place. You can easily fall, and if you do, you will fall straight down a very long way.” “But,”he continued calmly, “if you do fall here, don’t forget to look to the right while you are going down. There is a quite extraordinarily beautiful view there－much more beautiful than the one you can see from here.”
3. It is the simple things that really matter. If a man delights in his wife and children, has success in work, and finds pleasure in the alternation of day and night, spring and autumn, he will be happy whatever his philosophy may be. If, on the other hand, he finds his wife hateful, his children’s noise unendurable, and the office a nightmare, if in the daytime he longs for night, and at night he sighs for the light of day－then what he needs is not a new philosophy but a new pattern of life－a different diet, or more exercise. Man is an animal, and his happiness depends on his physiology more than he likes to think. Unhappy business men, I am convinced, would increase their happiness more by walking six miles every day than by any conceivable change of philosophy.
七、句型写作练习
（一）并列句
1)It was a cold snowy day and he had no money left for food.
2)Hurry up or you’ll be late.
3)It rained heavily last night but I went to the show anyway.
4)I enjoy classical music, so does she.
5)He must be ill, for he is absent today.
6)Some people waste food while others haven’t enough.
7)She is fat whereas her husband is thin.
8)She cannot read, neither can she write.
1)It was a cold snowy day and he had no money left for food.
2)Hurry up or you’ll be late.
3)It rained heavily last night but I went to the show anyway.
4)I enjoy classical music, so does she.
5)He must be ill, for he is absent today.
6)Some people waste food while others haven’t enough.
7)She is fat whereas her husband is thin.
8)She cannot read, neither can she write.
（二）复合句
1．
1)It is quite obvious that they need more help in English.
2)It is good news that she is still alive.
3)It doesn’t seem likely that she will come here.
4)What the children like the best in the zoo are the pandas.
5)What we are badly in need of is raw material.
2．
1)It’s a pity that he did not come earlier.
2)It is a well-known fact that smoking can cause lung cancer.
3)It is true that I encouraged him, but I didn’t actually help him.
4)It didn’t seem likely that they would ever keep their promise.
5)It was hard to understand why Prof. Hardy had singled out Mary for criticism.
3．
1)Can you tell me what kind of show they are putting on?
2)I’m wondering if the letter is overweight.
3)I am thinking how we can improve our study habits.
4)We are still uncertain whether Henry is the right person for the job.
5)Peter has always been in good health except that he has a slight headache sometimes.
6)He suddenly remembered that he had forgotten to take his notebook with him.
4.
1)I always took it for granted that I was far more intelligent than he was.
2)We all thought it a pity that you were unable to attend our meeting.
3)We consider it important that you should mind your manners.
4)He didn't want it known that he was too ill to go on working.
5)I regard it important that every one of you should finish your homework on time.
6)He took it for granted that his father would come to his help if he got into trouble.
7)We thought it highly probable that he might change his mind at the last minute.
8)I think it likely that the train will be delayed by the dense fog.
9)The doctor thinks it advisable that you should stop smoking.
5.
1)Could you show me what you have written?
2)This is what we should always keep in mind.
3)What they saw in China made a deep impression on them.
4)We must not put off till tomorrow what we can do today.
6.
1)Nothing could hide the fact that he is growing old.
2)The fact that he works hard does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader.
3)I have a complacent feeling that I’m highly intelligent.
4)The explanation that he didn’t see the notice is unsatisfactory./ The explanation is unsatisfactory that he didn’t see the notice.
5)Most of us don’t agree with his view that there is no advantage in introducing the new method.
6)The news soon spread throughout the country that he won the first gold medal at the 23rd Olympic Games.
7)His suggestion that intelligence is a relative matter is not universally accepted./His suggestion is not universally accepted that intelligence is a relative matter.
8)He seconded my motion that the vote be postponed.
9)The fear that he might not be able to finish the work disturbed him greatly./ The fear disturbed him greatly that he might not be able to finish the work.
10)We expressed a hope that Mr. and Mrs. Morrison would come and visit China again.
11)I’ve come from Mr. Lin with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
12)There can be no doubt that Suzy is the right person for the job.
1．
1)It is quite obvious that they need more help in English.
2)It is good news that she is still alive.
3)It doesn’t seem likely that she will come here.
4)What the children like the best in the zoo are the pandas.
5)What we are badly in need of is raw material.
2．
1)It’s a pity that he did not come earlier.
2)It is a well-known fact that smoking can cause lung cancer.
3)It is true that I encouraged him, but I didn’t actually help him.
4)It didn’t seem likely that they would ever keep their promise.
5)It was hard to understand why Prof. Hardy had singled out Mary for criticism.
3．
1)Can you tell me what kind of show they are putting on?
2)I’m wondering if the letter is overweight.
3)I am thinking how we can improve our study habits.
4)We are still uncertain whether Henry is the right person for the job.
5)Peter has always been in good health except that he has a slight headache sometimes.
6)He suddenly remembered that he had forgotten to take his notebook with him.
4.
1)I always took it for granted that I was far more intelligent than he was.
2)We all thought it a pity that you were unable to attend our meeting.
3)We consider it important that you should mind your manners.
4)He didn't want it known that he was too ill to go on working.
5)I regard it important that every one of you should finish your homework on time.
6)He took it for granted that his father would come to his help if he got into trouble.
7)We thought it highly probable that he might change his mind at the last minute.
8)I think it likely that the train will be delayed by the dense fog.
9)The doctor thinks it advisable that you should stop smoking.
5.
1)Could you show me what you have written?
2)This is what we should always keep in mind.
3)What they saw in China made a deep impression on them.
4)We must not put off till tomorrow what we can do today.
6.
1)Nothing could hide the fact that he is growing old.
2)The fact that he works hard does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader.
3)I have a complacent feeling that I’m highly intelligent.
4)The explanation that he didn’t see the notice is unsatisfactory./ The explanation is unsatisfactory that he didn’t see the notice.
5)Most of us don’t agree with his view that there is no advantage in introducing the new method.
6)The news soon spread throughout the country that he won the first gold medal at the 23rd Olympic Games.
7)His suggestion that intelligence is a relative matter is not universally accepted./His suggestion is not universally accepted that intelligence is a relative matter.
8)He seconded my motion that the vote be postponed.
9)The fear that he might not be able to finish the work disturbed him greatly./ The fear disturbed him greatly that he might not be able to finish the work.
10)We expressed a hope that Mr. and Mrs. Morrison would come and visit China again.
11)I’ve come from Mr. Lin with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
12)There can be no doubt that Suzy is the right person for the job.
定语从句
1)I went to visit the American author who wrote a number of books about China.
2)I ate the soup my aunt prepared.
3)I have an arrangement with my bank, by which they let me use their money and repay them next month.
4)He sent her a letter, in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.
5)Mr. Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us accounting this term.
6)She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan, where she has some relatives.
7)The United States is known for its supermarkets, where huge quantities of all kinds of food and household articles are sold.
8)The story happened in late 19th century, when China is suffering from the invasion of western powers.
状语从句
1)Now that you’ve bought a new car, what are you going to do with the old one?
2)We’d better take the telescope with us in case it is needed.
3)We must hurry off, lest we should miss the bus.
4)The problem so very complicated that it took us nearly two weeks to solve it.
5)The aircraft was flying at such a high altitude that we could hardly see it.
6)I’ll lend you my computer on condition that you keep it in good shape.
7)You can go out as long as you promise to be back before 11 at night.
8)I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
9)However hard he tried, he could not do the job satisfactorily.
10)Whether it takes an hour or even a whole day, I shall find out the answer.
1)I went to visit the American author who wrote a number of books about China.
2)I ate the soup my aunt prepared.
3)I have an arrangement with my bank, by which they let me use their money and repay them next month.
4)He sent her a letter, in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.
5)Mr. Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us accounting this term.
6)She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan, where she has some relatives.
7)The United States is known for its supermarkets, where huge quantities of all kinds of food and household articles are sold.
8)The story happened in late 19th century, when China is suffering from the invasion of western powers.
状语从句
1)Now that you’ve bought a new car, what are you going to do with the old one?
2)We’d better take the telescope with us in case it is needed.
3)We must hurry off, lest we should miss the bus.
4)The problem so very complicated that it took us nearly two weeks to solve it.
5)The aircraft was flying at such a high altitude that we could hardly see it.
6)I’ll lend you my computer on condition that you keep it in good shape.
7)You can go out as long as you promise to be back before 11 at night.
8)I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
9)However hard he tried, he could not do the job satisfactorily.
10)Whether it takes an hour or even a whole day, I shall find out the answer.
（三）复杂的简单句
1.
1)They looked both ways before they crossing the street.
2)I made my decision after talking to Sir Francis.
3)Despite/In spite of his illness, he was determined to carry out his plan.
4)Despite/In spite of their intelligence, they aren’t doing well in school.
5)Despite/In spite of his richness/wealth, he isn’t very happy.
6)Despite/In spite of his height, he isn’t a very good basketball player.
7)Without your support, we might succeed in performing our task.
8)Even with air and water, plants still couldn’t grow on the moon.
9)Without hard work, you will accomplish nothing.
10)But for their assistance, he would have found himself in trouble.
2.
1)They wear layers of clothes even in summer time, with newspapers stuffed between the layers as further protection against bad weather.
2)With more people helping them, they probably will be able to accomplish the task ahead of time.
3)With all his savings gone, he started to look for a job.
4)In the corner there is a table, with one of its legs shorter than the others.
5)With the job finished, we went to the seaside for a holiday.
6)With the pace of change quickening, more and more scientists find it hard to keep up with the latest developments even in their own disciplines.
7)She looked in my face with tears streaming down her cheeks.
3.
1)She won’t go home until after (taking) the exam.
2)Because of his bad leg, he couldn’t walk as fast as the others.
3)We are full aware of the seriousness of the situation.
4)She hurried back to school for fear of missing too many lessons.
5)Instead of criticizing Susan for what she has done, we ought to praise her for it.
6)Instead of going straight home after school, Helen went to work as a waitress in a restaurant.
7)Instead of going to send the book to Allan by post, I am going to take it to him myself.
8)Instead of going to New York yesterday to attend his daughter’s wedding, Dr. Wilson flew to Florida for an emergency case.
4.
1)I love intelligent girls.
2)At the party, I got to know a professor in his thirties.
3)I hate to see letters written in pencil.
4)The substance discovered almost by accident has revolutionized medicine.
5)Among those taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.
5.
1)Every one of us left the meeting convinced that the project was feasible.
2)Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic, looking tired out.
3)They went hunting for hours, but they returned empty-handed.
4)He entered the office, still annoyed by the way she spoke to him.
5)Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers, teenagers resort to smoking.
6)Primarily interested in grades and economic success, college students now cheat on exams more frequently.
6.
1)He sat in front of them, his dusty face masking his age.
2)Hearing a continual strange noise coming from the next room, her heart beat fast.
3)The old beggar sat at the corner, tears welling up in his eyes.
4)Jim continued on his way, the dog jumping about in front of him.
5)The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile, her long hair flowing in the breeze.
7.
1)This is Mr. Black, director of our hospital.
2)“Leave it to me,” said Peter, the man on duty.
3)Qinghai Lake, the largest inland body of salt water in China, lies 3195 meters above sea level.
4)The whole plan was completed within three months, half the usual time.
5)He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.
6)Formerly a worker himself, he is now an engineer.
7)A mother of three children, she has now entered a college again for further education.
1.
1)They looked both ways before they crossing the street.
2)I made my decision after talking to Sir Francis.
3)Despite/In spite of his illness, he was determined to carry out his plan.
4)Despite/In spite of their intelligence, they aren’t doing well in school.
5)Despite/In spite of his richness/wealth, he isn’t very happy.
6)Despite/In spite of his height, he isn’t a very good basketball player.
7)Without your support, we might succeed in performing our task.
8)Even with air and water, plants still couldn’t grow on the moon.
9)Without hard work, you will accomplish nothing.
10)But for their assistance, he would have found himself in trouble.
2.
1)They wear layers of clothes even in summer time, with newspapers stuffed between the layers as further protection against bad weather.
2)With more people helping them, they probably will be able to accomplish the task ahead of time.
3)With all his savings gone, he started to look for a job.
4)In the corner there is a table, with one of its legs shorter than the others.
5)With the job finished, we went to the seaside for a holiday.
6)With the pace of change quickening, more and more scientists find it hard to keep up with the latest developments even in their own disciplines.
7)She looked in my face with tears streaming down her cheeks.
3.
1)She won’t go home until after (taking) the exam.
2)Because of his bad leg, he couldn’t walk as fast as the others.
3)We are full aware of the seriousness of the situation.
4)She hurried back to school for fear of missing too many lessons.
5)Instead of criticizing Susan for what she has done, we ought to praise her for it.
6)Instead of going straight home after school, Helen went to work as a waitress in a restaurant.
7)Instead of going to send the book to Allan by post, I am going to take it to him myself.
8)Instead of going to New York yesterday to attend his daughter’s wedding, Dr. Wilson flew to Florida for an emergency case.
4.
1)I love intelligent girls.
2)At the party, I got to know a professor in his thirties.
3)I hate to see letters written in pencil.
4)The substance discovered almost by accident has revolutionized medicine.
5)Among those taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.
5.
1)Every one of us left the meeting convinced that the project was feasible.
2)Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic, looking tired out.
3)They went hunting for hours, but they returned empty-handed.
4)He entered the office, still annoyed by the way she spoke to him.
5)Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers, teenagers resort to smoking.
6)Primarily interested in grades and economic success, college students now cheat on exams more frequently.
6.
1)He sat in front of them, his dusty face masking his age.
2)Hearing a continual strange noise coming from the next room, her heart beat fast.
3)The old beggar sat at the corner, tears welling up in his eyes.
4)Jim continued on his way, the dog jumping about in front of him.
5)The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile, her long hair flowing in the breeze.
7.
1)This is Mr. Black, director of our hospital.
2)“Leave it to me,” said Peter, the man on duty.
3)Qinghai Lake, the largest inland body of salt water in China, lies 3195 meters above sea level.
4)The whole plan was completed within three months, half the usual time.
5)He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.
6)Formerly a worker himself, he is now an engineer.
7)A mother of three children, she has now entered a college again for further education.
（四）倒装句
1．
1)Never have I been to Europe.
2)Hardly had he eaten anything when the dinner was over.
3)Scarcely had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.
4)No sooner had Anne arrived than she fell ill.
5)Little does she care about what others say about her.
2．
1)Richard can speak Japanese. So can his sister.
2)Copper is a good conductor. So are many other metals.
3)Paul could not dance. Nor could he sing.
4)The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. Nor was the wife.
3．
1)So excited was he that he could not go to sleep.
2)So forcefully did he speak at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.
3)So hard did he work that he obtained his Ph. D. degree one year ahead of schedule.
4．
1)Only once did his father call his name.
2)Only then did the doctor realize that his patient needed surgery.
3)Only when you adjust down your price can we conclude the business.
5．
1)Sitting in front of the counter was the young father who wished to purchase a life insurance policy and agreed to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years.
2)More important is the question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, death and financial loss.
3)Among them are the writing of a dictionary involves a number of tasks. The reading of literature, the copying of words on cards, the sorting of the cards and the writing of definitions.
1．
1)Never have I been to Europe.
2)Hardly had he eaten anything when the dinner was over.
3)Scarcely had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.
4)No sooner had Anne arrived than she fell ill.
5)Little does she care about what others say about her.
2．
1)Richard can speak Japanese. So can his sister.
2)Copper is a good conductor. So are many other metals.
3)Paul could not dance. Nor could he sing.
4)The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. Nor was the wife.
3．
1)So excited was he that he could not go to sleep.
2)So forcefully did he speak at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.
3)So hard did he work that he obtained his Ph. D. degree one year ahead of schedule.
4．
1)Only once did his father call his name.
2)Only then did the doctor realize that his patient needed surgery.
3)Only when you adjust down your price can we conclude the business.
5．
1)Sitting in front of the counter was the young father who wished to purchase a life insurance policy and agreed to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years.
2)More important is the question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, death and financial loss.
3)Among them are the writing of a dictionary involves a number of tasks. The reading of literature, the copying of words on cards, the sorting of the cards and the writing of definitions.
（五）被动句
1)Joe’s father was seen to return after dark.
2)You are not allowed to smoke in the laboratory.
3)Effective measures should be taken to stop various forms of pollution.
4)When she was in Shanghai, the actress was heard to say she had long thought of the city as her second home.
5)The young man was seen to enter the building next to the bank.
6)After the minister of education had finished speaking at the press conference, he was made to answer all sorts of questions.
7)I don’t think Tom can be made to do what he dislikes.
8)The wind was heard to roar through the trees.
9)What should be done in a case like this?
1)Joe’s father was seen to return after dark.
2)You are not allowed to smoke in the laboratory.
3)Effective measures should be taken to stop various forms of pollution.
4)When she was in Shanghai, the actress was heard to say she had long thought of the city as her second home.
5)The young man was seen to enter the building next to the bank.
6)After the minister of education had finished speaking at the press conference, he was made to answer all sorts of questions.
7)I don’t think Tom can be made to do what he dislikes.
8)The wind was heard to roar through the trees.
9)What should be done in a case like this?
（六）强调句
1)It was Jefferson who wrote the Declaration of Independence.
2)It is with genuine feeling that the author praises all that is progressive.
3)It was because the water had risen that we could not cross the river.
4)It was Jim, a heartless fellow, who was heard shouting at his mother in the dead of night.
5)It was not until I told her that Mrs. Williams knew anything about it.
1)It was Jefferson who wrote the Declaration of Independence.
2)It is with genuine feeling that the author praises all that is progressive.
3)It was because the water had risen that we could not cross the river.
4)It was Jim, a heartless fellow, who was heard shouting at his mother in the dead of night.
5)It was not until I told her that Mrs. Williams knew anything about it.
八、段落写作练习
（一）段落的展开
Exercise W1
Two examples are given for each item. The controlling idea is underlined Your controlling ideas may be different.
1. Owning a car has many advantages.
The disadvantages of owning a car are many.
2. The reason a person lives in a remote area may be one of the following.
A person who lives in a remote area may face many problems.
3.Before applying to a foreign university, one should consider the disadvantages of studying abroad.
The advantages of studying abroad outweigh the disadvantages.
4. Car accidents can be avoided or minimized if the driver takes certain
precautions.
Although a person thinks it is safe at home, many different kinds of accidents occur there.
5. An international airport is divided into different sections.
There are several kinds of airports.
6. Teachers can list many reasons why students are absent from their classes.
Absenteeism causes the employer many problems.
7. Taking exams is required of all students, and to do their best, students
should use the following methods to prepare themselves.
One should follow these procedures when taking an exam.
8. Computers have brought many changes to our way of life.
Many educational games can be played on computers.
9. Rice can be prepared in many ways.
Rice can be put to many uses.
10. Preparing to go camping is easy when you organize your trip using
these steps.
Camping has changed in many ways.
Exercise W2
The following topic sentences are only examples. Your sentences may be different.
1. This is a strong topic sentence.
2. This is a weak topic sentence because the rest of the paragraph
describes what the writer does when he or she goes to the beach. A better topic sentence would be: “Whenever I have the opportunity to go to the beach, I always follow the same routine.”
3. This is a weak topic sentence because the rest of the paragraph describes the various ways students can get to class. A better topic sentence would be: “For the many students who cannot afford a car, there are several alternative ways of getting to class.”
（一）段落的展开
Exercise W1
Two examples are given for each item. The controlling idea is underlined Your controlling ideas may be different.
1. Owning a car has many advantages.
The disadvantages of owning a car are many.
2. The reason a person lives in a remote area may be one of the following.
A person who lives in a remote area may face many problems.
3.Before applying to a foreign university, one should consider the disadvantages of studying abroad.
The advantages of studying abroad outweigh the disadvantages.
4. Car accidents can be avoided or minimized if the driver takes certain
precautions.
Although a person thinks it is safe at home, many different kinds of accidents occur there.
5. An international airport is divided into different sections.
There are several kinds of airports.
6. Teachers can list many reasons why students are absent from their classes.
Absenteeism causes the employer many problems.
7. Taking exams is required of all students, and to do their best, students
should use the following methods to prepare themselves.
One should follow these procedures when taking an exam.
8. Computers have brought many changes to our way of life.
Many educational games can be played on computers.
9. Rice can be prepared in many ways.
Rice can be put to many uses.
10. Preparing to go camping is easy when you organize your trip using
these steps.
Camping has changed in many ways.
Exercise W2
The following topic sentences are only examples. Your sentences may be different.
1. This is a strong topic sentence.
2. This is a weak topic sentence because the rest of the paragraph
describes what the writer does when he or she goes to the beach. A better topic sentence would be: “Whenever I have the opportunity to go to the beach, I always follow the same routine.”
3. This is a weak topic sentence because the rest of the paragraph describes the various ways students can get to class. A better topic sentence would be: “For the many students who cannot afford a car, there are several alternative ways of getting to class.”
Exercise W3
These are only examples. Your topic sentences may be different.
1. A dormitory room is cold and impersonal until several changes have been made to make it more inviting.
2. American telephone books are divided into several sections.
3. The fast-food restaurant has become popular for various reasons.
Exercise W4
1. D 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. C
Exercise W5
1. Students who need extra money can hold down a fulltime temporary job during their summer vacation.
2. A person can also meet other people by going to parties.
These are only examples. Your topic sentences may be different.
1. A dormitory room is cold and impersonal until several changes have been made to make it more inviting.
2. American telephone books are divided into several sections.
3. The fast-food restaurant has become popular for various reasons.
Exercise W4
1. D 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. C
Exercise W5
1. Students who need extra money can hold down a fulltime temporary job during their summer vacation.
2. A person can also meet other people by going to parties.
3. In my opinion, people should write clearly.
Note: The possible correct answers for Exercises W6-W7 are so varied that you might wish to discuss your answers with a fluent English speaker.
Exercise W6
These supporting ideas are based on the examples given in the Answer Key for Exercise W1. Yours may be different.
1. Ⅰ. disadvantages of owning a car
A. expensive to buy
B. expensive to maintain
C. difficult to park
D. causing air pollution and traffic jams
2. Ⅰ. reasons for living in a remote area
A. get away from city noise
B. live in unpolluted area
C. remaining where one has been born
D. be closer to nature
3. Ⅰ. disadvantages of studying abroad
A. far from family and friends
B. difficulty in understanding a foreign language
C. more expensive
D. hard to get home in an emergency
4. Ⅰ. kinds of home accidents
Note: The possible correct answers for Exercises W6-W7 are so varied that you might wish to discuss your answers with a fluent English speaker.
Exercise W6
These supporting ideas are based on the examples given in the Answer Key for Exercise W1. Yours may be different.
1. Ⅰ. disadvantages of owning a car
A. expensive to buy
B. expensive to maintain
C. difficult to park
D. causing air pollution and traffic jams
2. Ⅰ. reasons for living in a remote area
A. get away from city noise
B. live in unpolluted area
C. remaining where one has been born
D. be closer to nature
3. Ⅰ. disadvantages of studying abroad
A. far from family and friends
B. difficulty in understanding a foreign language
C. more expensive
D. hard to get home in an emergency
4. Ⅰ. kinds of home accidents
A. falls
B. poisoning
C. burns
D. cuts
5. Ⅰ. kinds of airports
A. international
B. national
C. rural
D. private
6. Ⅰ. problems caused by absenteeism
A. lost production
B. missed deadlines
C. mistakes made by substitutes
D. expenses for training substitutes
7. Ⅰ. methods to prepare for taking exams
A. study on a regular basis
B. review appropriate material
C. anticipate questions
D. get good night's sleep the night before
8. Ⅰ. changes brought by computers
A. better telephone services
B. information easier to obtain
C. easier inventory procedures in businesses
D. helpful in education
9. Ⅰ. ways to prepare rice
A. rice with vegetables
B. fried rice
C. curried rice
D. rice salad
10. I. steps to organize a camping trip
A. make a list of necessary items to take
B. get maps of area
C. have car in good condition
D. check weather report
B. poisoning
C. burns
D. cuts
5. Ⅰ. kinds of airports
A. international
B. national
C. rural
D. private
6. Ⅰ. problems caused by absenteeism
A. lost production
B. missed deadlines
C. mistakes made by substitutes
D. expenses for training substitutes
7. Ⅰ. methods to prepare for taking exams
A. study on a regular basis
B. review appropriate material
C. anticipate questions
D. get good night's sleep the night before
8. Ⅰ. changes brought by computers
A. better telephone services
B. information easier to obtain
C. easier inventory procedures in businesses
D. helpful in education
9. Ⅰ. ways to prepare rice
A. rice with vegetables
B. fried rice
C. curried rice
D. rice salad
10. I. steps to organize a camping trip
A. make a list of necessary items to take
B. get maps of area
C. have car in good condition
D. check weather report
Exercise W7
These are only a few examples. Your paragraphs will be different. Have a fluent English speaker check your paragraphs.
1. The disadvantages of owning a car are many. First, they are much more expensive to buy than bikes or motorcycles. After having purchased a car, the owner is then faced with the expense of maintaining it. Also, it is frequently hard to find a parking place for a car. Last but not least, the increasing number of cars will lead to more serious air pollution and traffic jams, especially in large cities.
2. The reasons a person lives in a remote area may be one of the following. Cities are usually very noisy, and a person may want to get away from the noise. Another attraction of a remote area might be that it is unpolluted. If a person was born and raised in a remote area, he or she may want to remain in the place that is best known. Finally, some people like to be closer to nature, and this is easier away from a city.
3. Before applying to a foreign university, one should consider these disadvantages of studying abroad. First, a student may feel alone by being far from family and friends. Also, difficulty in understanding a foreign language can be very frustrating and can affect the student's grades. It can be very expensive to pay the costs of travel and housing in a different country. Finally, if here is an emergency at home, it is hard to get home in a hurry.
4. Although a person thinks it is safe at home, many different kinds of accidents occur there. Falls are perhaps the most common accident among both young children and older adults. Poisoning is a danger, especially if an adult leaves medicines or cleaning chemicals within the reach of a small child. Burns frequently occur in the kitchen area during meal preparation. Finally, people cut themselves when using kitchen knives, trimming equipment in the yard, and power tools in the workshop or garage.
5. There are several kinds of airports. From an international airport, flights go to other countries as well as to cities in the same country. A national airport usually only serves the cities within its nation. Rural airports usually link a town with a nearby national airport. Private airports are those on a military base or a hospital. Individuals and companies can own their own private airports.
These are only a few examples. Your paragraphs will be different. Have a fluent English speaker check your paragraphs.
1. The disadvantages of owning a car are many. First, they are much more expensive to buy than bikes or motorcycles. After having purchased a car, the owner is then faced with the expense of maintaining it. Also, it is frequently hard to find a parking place for a car. Last but not least, the increasing number of cars will lead to more serious air pollution and traffic jams, especially in large cities.
2. The reasons a person lives in a remote area may be one of the following. Cities are usually very noisy, and a person may want to get away from the noise. Another attraction of a remote area might be that it is unpolluted. If a person was born and raised in a remote area, he or she may want to remain in the place that is best known. Finally, some people like to be closer to nature, and this is easier away from a city.
3. Before applying to a foreign university, one should consider these disadvantages of studying abroad. First, a student may feel alone by being far from family and friends. Also, difficulty in understanding a foreign language can be very frustrating and can affect the student's grades. It can be very expensive to pay the costs of travel and housing in a different country. Finally, if here is an emergency at home, it is hard to get home in a hurry.
4. Although a person thinks it is safe at home, many different kinds of accidents occur there. Falls are perhaps the most common accident among both young children and older adults. Poisoning is a danger, especially if an adult leaves medicines or cleaning chemicals within the reach of a small child. Burns frequently occur in the kitchen area during meal preparation. Finally, people cut themselves when using kitchen knives, trimming equipment in the yard, and power tools in the workshop or garage.
5. There are several kinds of airports. From an international airport, flights go to other countries as well as to cities in the same country. A national airport usually only serves the cities within its nation. Rural airports usually link a town with a nearby national airport. Private airports are those on a military base or a hospital. Individuals and companies can own their own private airports.
（二）段落的衔接
1. 1) First, Second, Instead, Third, In contrast, Fourth, Consequently, Finally, But
2) Although, First of all, Furthermore, Once, Second, Sometimes, At other times, Finally, Then
2. for, so, but, and, and, and, however, but, and
3. Television was invented by John Logie Baird. When he was young he built an aeroplane. He tried to fly in it, but it crashed down below. However, Baird was fortunate not to be killed. It did not discourage him. Instead, when he was older he tried to make diamonds from coal. The only result was an enormous explosion. Yet he was not injured. Then, he became a businessman. When his business failed, he thought of working at television. His family advised him not to, but he did not listen to them. He rented an attic, bought the apparatus he needed and started working. Although he worked for a long time, he was not successful. One day he saw a picture on his screen. So he rushed out to get someone he could “televise”. He found an office boy and took him back to his room. However, no image of the boy appeared on his screen. The boy, terrified, had put his head down. When he put it up again, his picture appeared on the screen. That’s how television had been discovered.
4. In the United Stated there is a belief that people are rewarded for working, producing, and achieving. Many people believe that there is equality of opportunity that allows anyone to become successful. This belief is illustrated by stories written by a nineteenth-century American novelist, Horatio Alger, who wrote about the “American Dream”. In his stories he described poor people who became rich because of their hard work, honesty, and luck. The stories reinforced the idea that all individuals, no matter how poor, were capable of becoming wealthy as long as they were honest and hard-working. For many Americans, however, Horatio Alger’s “rags-to-riches” stories do not represent the reality of opportunity. Many poor immigrants who came to the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were able to become rich. Today, however, the poor generally do not rise to the middle and upper classes. That is why the “American Dream” is now described as a myth.
5. There were once a dog and a cat sitting by a kitchen door when the cook came out and threw several pieces of meat to them. They both sprang to get the meat, but the dog was the stronger. He ate it all himself. This was selfishness, by which I mean that the dog cared only for himself. Was this wrong? No, the dog knew no better. But men are different from dogs and follow a different rule of conduct. How miserable we should all be if every person were to care only for himself! We ought to be thankful that we have a higher nature than that of beasts and are able to see and feel the duty of being kind and affectionate to one another. And as we can see and feel this duty, we ought to be very careful always to observe it.
1. 1) First, Second, Instead, Third, In contrast, Fourth, Consequently, Finally, But
2) Although, First of all, Furthermore, Once, Second, Sometimes, At other times, Finally, Then
2. for, so, but, and, and, and, however, but, and
3. Television was invented by John Logie Baird. When he was young he built an aeroplane. He tried to fly in it, but it crashed down below. However, Baird was fortunate not to be killed. It did not discourage him. Instead, when he was older he tried to make diamonds from coal. The only result was an enormous explosion. Yet he was not injured. Then, he became a businessman. When his business failed, he thought of working at television. His family advised him not to, but he did not listen to them. He rented an attic, bought the apparatus he needed and started working. Although he worked for a long time, he was not successful. One day he saw a picture on his screen. So he rushed out to get someone he could “televise”. He found an office boy and took him back to his room. However, no image of the boy appeared on his screen. The boy, terrified, had put his head down. When he put it up again, his picture appeared on the screen. That’s how television had been discovered.
4. In the United Stated there is a belief that people are rewarded for working, producing, and achieving. Many people believe that there is equality of opportunity that allows anyone to become successful. This belief is illustrated by stories written by a nineteenth-century American novelist, Horatio Alger, who wrote about the “American Dream”. In his stories he described poor people who became rich because of their hard work, honesty, and luck. The stories reinforced the idea that all individuals, no matter how poor, were capable of becoming wealthy as long as they were honest and hard-working. For many Americans, however, Horatio Alger’s “rags-to-riches” stories do not represent the reality of opportunity. Many poor immigrants who came to the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were able to become rich. Today, however, the poor generally do not rise to the middle and upper classes. That is why the “American Dream” is now described as a myth.
5. There were once a dog and a cat sitting by a kitchen door when the cook came out and threw several pieces of meat to them. They both sprang to get the meat, but the dog was the stronger. He ate it all himself. This was selfishness, by which I mean that the dog cared only for himself. Was this wrong? No, the dog knew no better. But men are different from dogs and follow a different rule of conduct. How miserable we should all be if every person were to care only for himself! We ought to be thankful that we have a higher nature than that of beasts and are able to see and feel the duty of being kind and affectionate to one another. And as we can see and feel this duty, we ought to be very careful always to observe it.
责编：刘卓
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