research proposal（仅供参考）

 

Keys to Writing an Effective Proposal

 

Elements of the Research Proposal

 

Title Abstract Study Problem Relevance of the Project Literature Review Specific Study Objectives Research Methods

 

Study design Subjects Inclusion/exclusion criteria Sampling Recruitment plans Method of assignment to study groups Data collection variables: outcomes, predictors, confounders measures/instruments procedures Intervention Statistical considerations sample size data analysis Ethical Considerations Work Plan

 

Budget

 

-------------------------------------------------Keys To Success To Writing A Good Proposal

 

Overall Quality of the Study Good research question Appropriate research design Rigorous and feasible methods Qualified research team

 

Quality of the Proposal Informative title Self-sufficient and convincing abstract Clear research questions Scholarly and pertinent background and rationale Relevant previous work Appropriate population and sample Appropriate measurement and intervention methods Quality control Adequate sample size Sound analysis plan Ethical issues well addressed Tight budget Realistic timetable

 

Quality of the Presentation Clear, concise, well-organized Helpful table of contents and subheadings Good schematic diagrams and tables Neat and free of errors

 

Adapted from Hulley & Cummings

 

----------------------------------------------Literature Review A critical summary of research on a topic of interest, generally preparedto put a research problem in context or to identify gaps and weaknesses inprior studies so as to justify a new investigation. Keys to Success

 

Thorough and complete Logical Recent Original research Primary sources Critical appraisal Building case for new study

 

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Study Rationale Has the study been done before? Will the study benefit patients advance understanding or influence policy?

 

----------------------------------------Study Problem (Study Purpose)

 

Broad statement indicating the goals of the project.

 

Examples: What are problems related to unplanned cesarean deliveries?

 

Is colonoscopy accessible to all Canadian health care consumers?

 

Keys to Success

 

Clear Relevant Logical Documented

 

-------------------------------------------Objectives/Research Questions/Hypotheses

 

Identifying the research problem and developing a question to be answeredare the first steps in the research process. The research question willguide the remainder of the design process.

 

Research Objectives A clear statement of the specific purposes of the study, which identifiesthe key study variables and their possible interrelationships and thenature of the population of interest.

 

Research Question The specific purpose stated in the form of a question.

 

Hypotheses A tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between two ormore variables. A prediction of the answer to the research question.

 

Examples:

 

The purpose of this study is to determine the major physiologic psychosocial and lifestyle concerns of women two weeks and eight weeksafter an unplanned cesarean delivery.

 

Does the administration of analgesic by nurses vs. by patients themselvesaffect pain intensity during the first postoperative recovery day in olderadults?

 

Patients residing in rural areas of Alberta are less likely than urbanpatients to undergo a colonoscopy within 18 months of a curative resectionfor colorectal cancer.

 

Functions

 

Provide reviewers with a clear picture of what you plan to accomplish.

 

Show the reviewers that you have a clear picture of what you want toaccomplish.

 

Form the foundation for the rest of the proposal.

 

Will be used to assess the adequacy/appropriateness of the study's proposedmethods.

 

Keys to Success

 

Clear and consistent. Key concepts/constructs identified. Includes the independent and dependent variables (if applicable). Measurable. Hypotheses clearly predict a relationship between variables. Relevant or novel