2021军队职称英语考试指导：卫生类C级课堂笔记第4讲

阅读理解出题特点：
以2002年和2003年卫生C阅读理解题的出题特点进行比较：
2002年阅读理解题：
Natural Health Care*职称英语阅读理解练习题
On the train
Natural medicines
2003年阅读理解题：
What is death?
New Foods and The New World**(2002阅读理解部分练习题)
Giving up smoking
Attached materials:
From On the train
主题理解---The night train from Glasgow was so crowded that Donald,who was on his way to London to find a temporary job for the university vacation,wished that he had decided to travel by day...
He got on the train and walked along the..
语言特点：句子结构较简单，多为简单句或简单复合句。
From Natural medicines
主题理解---Since earliest days,humans have used some kinds of medicines.We know this because humans have survived.
语言特点：句子结构较简单，多为简单句或简单复合句。
可以看出：卫生C级阅读理解考题中，所选择的文章主题基本上都与疾病健康有关，也可能涉及其他类的主题，如自然地理，社会文化等。文章中句子结构较为简单，文章主题较容易理解。通常会有1篇左右的文章是直接选择当年的职称英语用书上阅读理解部分的文章，但其文章后的问题通常会有变动。
阅读理解解题思路分析：
阅读理解是职称英语考试中重点考察的对象，本部分为3篇文章，每篇300-450词，主要考察考生对文章中心和细节信息的理解能力。阅读理解也是对解题技巧的测试。做题时可行的方法是：先看文章题目(title)，然后是看文章后面的问题(problems)，最后才是文章(main body)。在阅读文章时应该注意进行有目的的阅读：在阅读中跳过(skip over)不相关的信息(information unconcerned)，节约时间直达问题的答案。
在阅读中还应关注段首句：如果所要阅读的文章是议论文或说明文，则段首句往往是主题句--该段论述/说明中心，因此主题句有助于迅速的查找问题答案。
对于文章后面的问题：有关细节方面的问题的设置基本上是按照文章的发展顺序，即：通常第二题答案的位置通常在第一题答案所在位置的后面，所以如果第一题答案在第一段，则第二题答案可能在第二段或第三段中;所以可按照问题设置的顺序在对应的相关段进行答案查找。同时对于有关文章主题方面的问题，可以放在最后来处理，或借助文章的开头，结尾，及文章各段的段首句综合加以判断。
在寻找答案时可以采用通过所问问题中的关键词(题干中核心结构中(主语/谓语/宾语)的用词和修饰语(起修饰作用的形容词/副词))和/或特征词(题干中出现的时间，数字，人名，地名等容易在文章中进行查找和确认的词汇/结构)进行答案的查找。
快速而正确地解读阅读理解的主要关键在于：1.准确而迅速地读懂文章后面的问题，尤其问题的含意是肯定还是否定的，一定要弄清楚;2.解读阅读理解答案位置的快速确定;3.在选择答案时排除法的运用;4.识别答案陷阱;
本讲教学目的
通过具体例题的分析讲解，向考生介绍有效的阅读理解题的解题方法，同时借助文章进行英语语法和词汇的复习。
例题讲解
下面有2篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
Passage 1
Giving Up Smoking
A number of devices are available to help a person quit smoking.Nicotine(尼古丁)patches are small,nicotine-containing adhesive(粘着性的)discs applied to the skin.The nicotine is slowly absorbed through the skin and enters the bloodstream.Over time,the nicotine dose is reduced and eventually the desire for nicotine is eased.Nicotine gum works in a similar manner,providing small doses of nicotine when chewed.
The benefits of giving up smoking include the immediate reduction of harm to the health of the smoking and easily admission to social activities and institutions that ban smoking.In a 1988 report,the U.S.Surgeon General declared cigarette smoking to be more harmful and expensive than the use of cocaine(可卡因),alcohol,or heroin.Recent evidence supports this claim.
The United States government has collected a special tax on cigarettes for several decades.The rate rose from 8 cents per pack of 20 cigarettes in 1951 to 24 cents per pack in 1993.In other developed countries,the cigarette tax rate is much higher,ranging from 50 percent in Switzerland to 85 percent in Denmark.
In the United States,the first direct action to check smoking was the regulation of a warming on cigarette packages by the Federal Trade Commission.This warning took effect in 1964 and was strengthened in 1969 to read:“Warning:The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerouis to Your Health.”In 1971 all cigarette advertising was banned from radio and television,and cities and states passed laws requiring nonsmoking sections in public places and workplaces.
1.Which of the following can help a person quit smoking?
A.Using nicotine patches.
B.Reading cigarette advertisements.
C.Chewing ordinary gum.
D.Participating in social activities.
2.Nicotine gum is used to help a smoker
A.stop smoking
B.reduce weight.
C.clean his teeth.
D.absorb nicotine immediately.
3.The benefits of giving up smoking include all the following EXCEPT
A.the reduction of expenses.
B.the formation of a good habit.
C.the reduction of harm to one’s health.
D.easier access to institutions that ban smoking.
4.Which of the following is said to be the most expensive and harmful?
A.Consuming alcohol.
B.Using heroin.
C.Smoking cigarettes.
D.Taking cocaine.
5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a step to control smoking?
A.Collecting a special tax on cigarettes.
B.Forbidding smoking in all public places.
C.Banning cigarette advertising from radio and TV.
D.Requiring a warning on each cigarette package.
答案与解析：
1.利用文章标题抓住文章中心Giving Up Smoking--放弃吸烟
2.直接看问题解题。
1.Which of the following can help a person quit smoking?
A.Using nicotine patches(片).
B.Reading cigarette advertisements.*
C.Chewing ordinary gum.*
D.Participating in social activities.
问题分析：细节题。
被选项分析：根据常识可直接排除B和C。
A.解题分析：从文章开头开始进行答案查找，注意A和D中的核心词(黑体词)，这样在文章中找到直接答案相关句，确认答案A。
A number of devices are available to help a person quit smoking.(与题干内容一致)Nicotine(尼古丁)patches are small,nicotine-containing adhesive(粘着性的)discs applied to the skin.The nicotine is slowly absorbed through the skin and enters the bloodstream.Over time,the nicotine dose is reduced and eventually the desire for nicotine is eased.Nicotine gum works in a similar manner,providing small doses of nicotine when chewed.
考点：细节查找和确认/文章中“观点概括句+举例分析句”的逻辑结构。
补充：
apply v.请求;申请;应用;使用;适用;涂，敷，抹
e.g.I want to apply for the job.我想申请这项工作。
e.g.Diligence applies to all undertakings.勤奋适用于一切事业。
e.g.Apply medicine to his wound.在他伤口上涂药。
e.g.apply oneself to专心从事，埋头于…
absorb vt吸收(液体);承担;吸取(知识);吸引;使专心;使全神贯注
e.g.We will not absorb these charges.我们不能承担这些费用。
e.g.be absorbed in study专心研读
Grammar:
Nicotine(尼古丁)patches are small,nicotine-containing adhesive(粘着性的)discs applied to the skin.
定语
Nicotine gum works in a similar manner,providing small doses of nicotine when chewed(=when they are chewed).
e.g.when heated to a high temperature,the water will change into steam.
Comp:if/when possible/so/not;
2.Nicotine gum is used to help a smoker ____.
A.stop smoking
B.reduce weight.*--与主题(文章标题)偏差大所以可能错误
.clean his teeth.*--与主题(文章标题)偏差大所以可能错误
D.absorb nicotine immediately.
问题分析：细节题。
被选项分析：根据常识可直接排除B和C。
A.解题分析：利用题干中的核心词(黑体词)作为答案线索，这样在文章中找到答案相关句，该题可借助段首句句意直接判断答案(理论依据：段落主题句总领段落各句的内容)
A number of devices are available to help a person quit smoking.(与题干内容一致)Nicotine(尼古丁)patches are small,nicotine-containing adhesive(粘着性的)discs applied to the skin.The nicotine is slowly absorbed through the skin and enters the bloodstream.Over time,the nicotine dose is reduced and eventually the desire for nicotine is eased.Nicotine gum works in a similar manner,providing small doses of nicotine when chewed.
考点：考察in a similar manner的指代内容。
3.The benefits of giving up smoking include all the following EXCEPT___.
A.the reduction of expenses.
B.the formation of a good habit.
C.the reduction of harm to one’s health.
D.easier access to institutions that ban smoking.
问题分析：细节题(是非题)。
被选项分析：注意利用被选项中的核心词作为答案线索。
B.解题分析：利用题干中的核心词(黑体词)和被选项中的核心词(黑体词)和作为答案线索，这样在文章中找到答案相关句：
The benefits of giving up smoking include the immediate reduction of harm to the health of the smoking(C)and easily admission to social activities and institutions that ban smoking(D).In a 1988 report,the U.S.Surgeon General declared cigarette smoking to be more harmful and expensive(A)than the use of cocaine(可卡因),alcohol,or heroin.Recent evidence supports this claim.
考点：文章中细节的查找和确认。
补充：
Give up:v.放弃(念头、希望等),停止,抛弃,
give in v.投降,屈服,让步
Ban:vt.(法律上)禁止;n.禁止
e.g.Smoking is banned in school.在学校禁止吸烟。
e.g.There is a ban on smoking.有一个禁烟令。
Admission n.准许进入;入场费;会费
e.g.Admission to the concert costs￡5.
音乐会的入场券是五镑一张。
4.Which of the following is said to be the most expensive and harmful?
A.Consuming alcohol.
B.Using heroin.
C.Smoking cigarettes.
D.Taking cocaine.
问题分析：细节题。
被选项分析：注意利用被选项中的核心词作为答案线索。同时可借助文章主题猜测C是答案(与文章主题最接近)
C.解题分析：利用题干中的修饰词(黑体词)和被选项中的核心词(黑体词)和作为答案线索，这样在文章中找到直接答案相关句，确认答案C。
In a 1988 report,the U.S.Surgeon General declared cigarette smoking to be more harmful and expensive than the use of cocaine(可卡因),alcohol,or heroin.Recent evidence supports this claim.(以上两个画线句共同的语意正好与题干中的现在时态呼应)
考点：考察细节查找和确认的能力(比较级结构的正确理解)
5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a step to control smoking?
A.Collecting a special tax on cigarettes.
B.Forbidding smoking in all public places.
C.Banning cigarette advertising from radio and TV.
D.Requiring a warning on each cigarette package.
问题分析：细节题(是非题)。
被选项分析：注意利用被选项中的核心词作为答案线索。B中包含了表意绝对的词(all)，判断该选项可能不正确，因此可能是答案。
B.解题分析：利用题干中的核心词(黑体词)和被选项中的核心词(黑体词)和作为答案
线索，这样在文章中找到相应的答案相关句，确认答案B。
The United States government has collected a special tax(A)on cigarettes for several decades.The rate rose from 8 cents per pack of 20 cigarettes in 1951 to 24 cents per pack in 1993.In other developed countries,the cigarette tax rate is much higher,ranging from 50 percent in Switzerland to 85 percent in Denmark.
In the United States,the first direct action to check smoking was the regulation of a warning on cigarette packages(D)by the Federal Trade Commission.This warning took effect in 1964 and was strengthened in 1969 to read:“Warning:The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health.”In 1971 all cigarette advertising(C)was banned from radio and television,and cities and states passed laws requiring nonsmoking sections in public places and workplaces.
考点：考察细节查找和确认的能力。
补充：
collect vt,vi收集;集合;收款;收账
e.g.A crowd had collected to watch the ceremony.人群集中起来观看典礼。
e.g.collect stamps集邮
e.g.collect money收钱
Take effect:v.见效,生效
Grammar:
the cigarette tax rate is much higher,ranging from 50 percent in Switzerland to 85 percent in Denmark(=which ranges from..)
states passed laws requiring nonsmoking sections in public places and workplaces(=that/which require...).
Passage 2
Sleeplessness
Insomnia or sleeplessness is a common complaint of women as they enter into menopause(更年期).Insomnia means having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or the feeling that your sleep was not adequate for you.For women who are having night sweats,their sleep is broken by frequent awakening and therefore not refreshing.Generally once the night sweats are controlled a normal sleep pattern returns.If is doesnt it may be,or have become chronic insomnia.How do you know?
If you suffer from insomnia every night or most nights for a period of one month then you have chronic insomnia.If youre not having night sweats then its time to look for other causes of sleeplessness.Depression and anxiety disorders are the most common causes of chronic insomnia.If you feel depressed you need to be checked by qualified health care provider.Movement disorders such as restless leg syndrome are second on the list of insomnia for them;there are new medicines that may help.Other causes are shift working,and pain.
In up to 30%of people with chronic insomnia no cause can be identified.Medical treatment of these people has generally been with sleeping pills.It is estimated that 25%of the adult population in America took some type of medicine for sleep last year.It is generally agreed that sleeping pills should only be in the lowest dose and for the shortest possible time.
Sleep hygiene is directed at changing bad sleep habits.The recommendations are:---Go to bed only when sleepy.---Do not wait up to a specified time.--Avoid caffeine and alcohol in the evening,etc.
1.The word insomnia means
A having trouble falling asleep
B feeling that sleep is enough
C having no sweats at night
D having normal sleep pattern.
2.How many possible causes of sleeplessness are mentioned in the second paragraph?
A five
B six
C seven
D numerous
3.The expression Second on the list in the second paragraph means
A the second cause of all kinds of sleeplessness.
B the second most important cause of sleeplessness.
C the second on the doctors list about sleepless people.
D.the second on the writers list recording sleeplessness.
4.Concerning the use of sleeping pills,which of the following statements is true?
A Most adult Americans use sleeping pills for sleep.
B Doctors seldom give sleepless people sleeping pills.
C.Sleeping pills should be used for a very fixed period.
D.Sleeping pills should be used in a very small amount.
5.Which of the following does not fit with sleep hygiene?
A Make a rule to go to bed at a specific time every day.
B Go to bed when sleepy,not always at the same time.
C Try not to drink any caffeine and alcohol in the evening.
D Change bad sleep habits and follow doctors advice.
答案及解析：
1.文章标题分析：Sleeplessness
Insomnia or sleeplessness is a common complaint of women as they enter into menopause(更年期).Insomnia means having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or
补充：
have trouble/difficulty doing sth..在做…方面有困难
2.直接看问题解题：
1.The word insomnia means ___.
A having trouble falling asleep
B feeling that sleep is enough
C having no sweats at night
D having normal sleep pattern.
问题分析：所考察的词不是常见词，注意利用该词作为答案线索，在文章中查找答案相关句：
被选项分析：被选项A与文章主题(文章标题)最为接近，因此判断A可能是答案。
A.解题分析：找到包含该词的句子，注意借助该词所在句意和上下文解题。
Insomnia or sleeplessness is a common complaint of women as they enter into menopause(更年期).Insomnia means having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or the feeling that your sleep was not adequate for you.
考点：文章中关键词词义的确定。
2.How many possible causes of sleeplessness are mentioned in the second paragraph?
A five
B six
C seven
D numerous*
问题分析：细节题。题目要求进行细节的查找和确认。
被选项分析：根据常识直接排除D。
B.解题分析：从上一题的答案位置往下进行查找，并注意文章中提及原因的句子。
If you suffer from insomnia every night or most nights for a period of one month then you have chronic insomnia.If youre not having night sweats then its time to look for other causes of sleeplessness.Depression and anxiety disorders are the most common causes of chronic insomnia.If you feel depressed you need to be checked by qualified health care provider.Movement disorders such as restless leg syndrome are second on the list of insomnia for them;there are new medicines that may help.Other causes are shift working,and pain.
考点：当文章中出现较多细节的例举时，可能出现直接考察细节的查找和确认的题。
3.The expression Second on the list in the second paragraph means ____.
A the second cause of all kinds of sleeplessness.
B the second most important cause of sleeplessness.
C the second on the doctors list about sleepless people.
D.the second on the writers list recording sleeplessness.
问题分析：细节题。
被选项分析：借助解答上一题所了解到的文章逻辑发展—谈及造成“失眠”的各种原因，猜测B可能是答案，而且选项中A和B在结构上对应相关，重点需要注意。
B.解题分析：借助包含画线短语的句子的句意及其所在的上下文判断答案。
If you feel depressed you need to be checked by qualified health care provider.Movement disorders such as restless leg syndrome are second on the list of insomnia for them;there are new medicines that may help.Other causes are shift working,and pain.
考点：考察考生根据上下文进行推断的能力。
补充：
shift n./v.(方向、位置的)移动，n.轮班的工人;轮班的时间;
e.g.an eight-hour shift八小时的工作班
e.g.work in three shifts of eight hours每班八小时的三班制
e.g.work on the night-shift上夜班
4.Concerning the use of sleeping pills,which of the following statements is true?
A Most adult Americans use sleeping pills for sleep.
B Doctors seldom give sleepless people sleeping pills.
C.Sleeping pills should be used for a very fixed period.
D.Sleeping pills should be used in a very small amount.
问题分析：细节题。
被选项分析：C和D在结构上呼应，而且前面没有出现过C和D的选项，因此重点注意C和D中出现的核心词。
D。解题分析：从上一题的答案位置往下进行查找
In up to 30%of people with chronic insomnia no cause can be identified.Medical treatment of these people has generally been with sleeping pills.It is estimated that 25%of the adult population in America took some type of medicine for sleep last year.It is generally agreed that sleeping pills should only be in the lowest dose and for the shortest possible time.
考点：考察介词短语结构in the lowest dose和for the shortest possible time。补充：
It is estimated/proved/certain/generally agreed+that..
e.g.It is right to do so.这样做是对的。
e.g.It is no use trying.试也无用。
e.g.It is certain that we shall succeed.我们一定会成功。
5.Which of the following does not fit with sleep hygiene(卫生学)?
A Make a rule to go to bed at a specific time every day.
B Go to bed when sleepy,not always at the same time.
C Try not to drink any caffeine(咖啡因)and alcohol in the evening.
D Change bad sleep habits and follow doctors advice.
问题分析：细节题。
被选项分析：A的说法较绝对，因此可能是答案。
A.解题分析：借助题干中的核心词(黑体词)和被选项中的核心词作为答案线索，在文章中进行查找：
Sleep hygiene is directed at changing bad sleep habits.The recommendations are:---Go to bed only when sleepy.---Do not wait up to a specified time.(与A矛盾)--Avoid caffeine and alcohol in the evening,etc.
考点：考察根据信息进行判断归纳的能力