2021军队职称英语考试指导：常用语法精解(16)

下面把非谓语动词中其他几个重要问题用实例说明一下：
关于"不定式"作后置状语的举例(注意黑体字部分的表达形式)：
1)She was so angry as to be unable to speak.(她气得连话都说不出来了。)
2)I don't know her well enough to ask her for help.(我与她不太熟悉，不便请她帮忙。)
3)She was too angry to say anything.(她气得什么都说不出来了。)
4)I'm only too glad to help you.
注意与例3)的区别：only too与happy,pleased,glad等词使用时，表示"非常"：我非常愿意帮助你(能帮助你真是太高兴了)。
5)We waited in the train for nearly three hours,only to be told that the appointment had been canceled.(only to…表示意想不到的结果：我们在雨中等了近3个小时，结果被告知约会取消了。)
6)To be fair,he has been working very hard recently.(公平地说，他最近工作一直非常努力。类似的表达方式还有：
to tell the truth(说实话),to be frank(老实说)，to go without saying(不用说/毫无疑问)等。
关于分词做后置状语的举例(注意括号中句子的演变过程)：
1)She received an E-mail from her brother,saying that her mother was seriously ill.(她收到她兄弟发来的一份电子邮件，(邮件上)说她母亲病得很厉害。=She received an E-mail from her brother,which(=an E-mail)said that her mother was seriously ill)
2)Serious infection may develop in some patients,resulting in death.(有些病人会发生严重感染，导致死亡。(=Serious infection may develop in some patients,which results in death.)
3)The guests entered the office,accompanied by the manager.(客人在经理陪同下走进办公室。=The guests entered the office,who were accompanied by the manager.)
关于"动词不定式"的补充说明：
1)前面讲到："动词不定式"的完成式表示过去时，它常在以下句型中出现：
(主语)+be said/reported/believed/supposed to have(been)done
(主语)+seem to have(been)done
(主语)+be likely to have(been)done
当考试时看到这样的句型出现，首先要考虑是否是"动词不定式"的完成式
2)注意"动词不定式"to与介词to的区别，即：是to+动词，还是to+名词或动名词(-ing)。"第二讲五个基本句型"中已经提到：object to/look forward to/be(get)accustomed(used)to/be subjected to/subject to/be subjected to/be opposed to/agree to等中的to是介词。
当考试时看到这样的表达方式出现，首先要考虑选择-ing形式(一般不会给纯名词形式)
关于on+ing形式和with(without)+分词独立主格结构
1)on+ing形式：一般将介词on+-ing形式理解为"分词"(要有行为主体)而不是"动名词"，意为"当…时"，"一…就…"，相当于when或as soon as，例如：
On hearing the news,she burst into tears.(一听到这个消息，她一下子哭了起来。)
错：On arriving in Beijing,it began to rain heavily.(一到北京，就开始下起大雨来了。)
由于句子的主语it并不是arriving的行为主体，该句语法不成立。可以改为：
No sooner had we arrived in Beijing than it began to rain heavily.
2)with(without)+分词独立主格结构
She fell asleep with the lamp burning.(她开着灯谁着了。)
Almost every day the kids returned home with their hands and faces covered with mud and sweat.(孩子们几乎每天回家时手上脸上都是泥和汗。)
当这样的独立主格结构中的动词为"be"动词时，往往省略，例如：
Every day the old teacher entered the classroom,with a poor bag under his arm.(每天，这位老教师夹着个破包走进教室。=with a poor bag being under his arm)
关于-ing和-ed形容词
当一个动词后面加上-ing或-ed就可以是一个形容词，其基本概念还是-ing为主动语态，-ed为被动语态，例如：a sleeping child(一个正在睡觉的孩子)，a wounded soldier(一个受伤的战士).
一些带有感情色彩的动词，由于人的感情是"被刺激"后产生的，故一般用-ed形式，而外界的刺激物则用-ing形式，例如：I was moved deeply;the film was really moving.(我深受感动;这部电影真是感人。)
the+形容词(包括-ed形容词)→名词(可以是单数，也可以是复数),例如：
the wounded(伤员)/the disabled(残疾人)
关于现在分词和动名词
如前所述，现代语法并不强调现在分词和动名词的区别，建议学生"忘掉"动名词，特别是应试。但记住下面的规定：
She regrets ______ idle when(she was)young.(她后悔年轻时无所事事。)
A.to have been
B.her being
C.her having being
D.having been
解题思路：1)regret后一般接ing形式，除非regret to tell/say,故A不能选;2)当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致时，不要再加逻辑主语了，故正确答案为D，比较：Tom insisted on my going with him.(Tom坚持要我和他一起去。)
非谓语动词讲了这么多内容，解题时始终不忘：
1)分清过去、现在和将来;
2)分清主动与被动;
3)动词不定式的完成式表示过去时;
4)见"for"要用完成式;
5)否定式not要放在to/-ing/-ed的前面
只要记住以上要点，非谓语动词的解题就不会出大的问题。