2021军队职称英语理工类词汇：分词2

4.分词的独立结构
1）分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语必须和谓语动词的主语一致。否则，分词必须有自己的主语，这种带主语的分词被称为分词的独立结构，或叫独立主格。在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件等。例如：
The project finished，they had a two weeks'leave.
完成那个计划后，他们休了两周假。
He being absent，nothing could be done.
由于他缺席，什么事也没法干。
2）独立结构有时也可以用“with/without+名词（或代词的宾语）+分词”的结构，表示伴随状况。例如：
They sat there silently，（with）their eyes fixedon the lake.
他们静静地坐在那里，眼睛看着湖面。
With him helping me，I felt lucky.
有他的帮助，我感到很幸运。
5.容易混淆的现在分词和过去分词
像interesting和interested一类的分词在意义和用法上很容易混淆，一般可作如下区分：
（1）一部分表示“情感；心情”等意义的动词的现在分词有“令人……的；具有……性质的”的意思，常用来说明人或事物的特征或性质。如：
The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.
（2）它们的过去分词有“感到……的”的意思，用来指人的感觉或所处的状态，因而它的主语一般不可能是指物的词。如：
He was too excited to fall asleep.
这类容易混淆的分词常见的有：encouraging，encouraged；disappointing，disappointed；exciting，excited；inspiring，inspired；interesting，interested；puzzling，puzzled；astonishing，astonished；surprising，surprised等。
经典例题解析：
1.The Olympic Games，______ in 776 B.C，did‘t include women players until 1919.
A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing
析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因B选项表“将要被举行”意，不合题干之用，只有C选项（相当于which was first played）才合用。
2.European football is played in 80 countries，______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making B.makes C.made D.to make
析：B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making，可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例：The bus was held up by the snowstorm，causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。
3.Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking
析：根据this evening，应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A.
4.John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing
析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A.
5.The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating
析：根据warn sb.（not）to do sth.句式，可排除B、D两项；又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定C.
6.——I usually go there by train.——Why not ______ by boat for a change？
A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going
析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D.若将B项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D.
7.______ a reply，he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not
C.Not having received D.Having not received
析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided的动作，只有选C项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C为正确答案。
8.Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented
解析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do，to have done，to be等形式。据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C.