2020军队职称英语考试备考经验：如何分析句子结构

分析句子结构是对所学语法的综合运用。对句子的结构是否清楚、明白是能否正确解答问题的关键。因此学会如何分析句子对更深刻、准确地理解题意，提高解题能力至关重要。
所谓分析句子就是要剖析句子各个不同成分，并弄清楚他们彼此之间的关系。现对怎样分析句子做一简单介绍。
分析句子的步骤：
①先找出句子的谓语动词，并考虑动词的性质，这是能否正确分析句子的关键。
②找出和谓语关系最密切的句子成分一主语。审查两者之间的关系是否一致。
③确认动词性质后，进一步分析动词与其他句子成分的关系。如与宾语、宾语补足语、表语、状语以及与小品词的关系等。
现做具体说明如下：
1、谓语动词：谓语动词是句子的核心。任何时态、语态，语气都是由谓语动词表示出来。所以在分析句子时首先要分析谓语动词。
动词有及物动词和不及物动词。根据他们的功能，可以构成下列几种基本句型：
①主语+系动词+表语（主系表结构），如：
This lesson is very difficult.这课很难。
②主语+不及物动词，如；
He has come.他已经来了。
③主语+及物动词+宾语（主谓宾结构），如，
He reads English everyday.他每天读英语。
④主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语或主语牛及物动词+直接宾语+介词（to或for等）+间接宾语，如：
His father bought him 9 new bike yesterday.
His father bought a new bike for him yesterday.
昨天他父亲给他买了一辆新自行车。
⑤主语+及物动词+宾语十宾语补语，如：
We made him our monitor.我们让他当班长。
2、主谓关系：任何简单的句子都有主语和谓语，在分析主谓关系是否一致时，可从三个方面考虑。即语法上的一致，语言内容上的一致和就近一致。
①语法上的一致：指谓语动词的形式要与主语的形式一致。主浯为单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。这个法则符合语法形式上一致的原则。
以单数名词或代词，动词不定式短语，动名词短浯或从句做主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。以what引起的从句做主语时，在大多数情况下其后面的谓语动词也用单数形式。如：
What we have seen is different[rom what we have heard.（what从句作主语，动词用单数）
To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly.（不定式短语作主语）
A great deal of work has been done to improve the people's living standard.（不可数名词作主语）
用“and”和“both…and”连接的并列主语，谓语动词多用复数形式，但并列主语如果指同一人、同一事物或同一概念的时候，and后面的名词没有冠词，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
Both the man and his wife want to go to the cinema.
The poet and writer has come.
Bread and butter is daily food in the West.
主语是单数后面跟as well as，with，besides，along with，together with等，谓语动词仍用单数，如：
The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.
My sister，together with Jane and James，is gone.
一些有复数的名词，例如clothes.scissors，trousers，scales，spectacles等，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，但如在成双的东西的名词前面有apairo{时，其谓语动词用单数。如：
My trousers are being mended.
This pair of scissors belongs to me.
有些词尾有“s”的学科名称，做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
Mathematics is taught here.
②语言内容上的一致：主要指从意义上考虑主谓一致的问题。主语形式上为单数，但意义上为复数，谓语动词要用复数形式；主语形式上是复数，但意义上为单数，谓语动词用单数形式。
One hundred tons of water were used last week.（强调数量）
Ten minutes is enough.（强调整体）
News is travelling fast nowadays.
This glass works was built in 1985.
有复数意义的名词，如：police，militia，people，cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
The police are trying to catch the thief who has stolen a bike.
Cattle feed on grass.
有些集合名词，如；family，group，crowd，class，audience，government，committee.说话人把它们所表示的人或事当做整体看时，作单数看待，谓语动词用单数形式；说话者把它们表示的人或事物当做若干个体来看时，作复数看待，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：
My family is large.
My family are anxious about his safety.
③就近一致：由并列连词如：whether…or，not only…but also，either…or，neither…nor，or连接的并列主语，谓语动词与其最近的主语保持一致。如：
Either his friends or his brother is wrong.
Either his brother or his friends are wrong.
Not only you but also he is wrong.
Not only he but also you are wrong.
3、动宾关系：在确认动词性质后，要注意审查其后面的宾语。要特别注意宾语应该用动词不定式还是应该用动名词；宾语补足语是应该带to还是不应该带to；动词后带的动名词或动词不定式的意义基本相同还是意义不同。
时态的一致：某些从句特别是宾语从句的谓语动词的时态，常受主句谓语动词的时态的影响，这种现象称为时态的呼应或时态的一致。因而在分析复合句时要注意主句和从句的时态的一致性。
主句的谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句的谓语动词可以用任何需要的时态。
It is said that a new hospital is going to be put up there next year.（现在时后接将来时）
Do you know他昨天为什么没有来？
A.why he did not come yesterday
B.why he not come yesterday
C.why didn't he come yesterday
D.why did he not come yesterday
现在时后接过去时。答案A
I'll write to him when I arrive there.（主句将来时，从句现在时。）
主句的时态是过去时，从句的谓语动词一般也用过去时。
①从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生时，从句谓语动词用一般过去时或过去进行时。
He told me that his uncle…（fly）to Britain the next month.
（答案would fly）
She told me that her daughter was doing her homework.
②从句谓语动词的动作先于主句谓语动词的动作，从句用过去完成时，如：
She said she had seen the film before.
She said she had finished the work an hour before.
③从句的谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之后，从句谓语动词用过去将来时。如：
She said she would come again.
He told me he would join the army the next year.
但是如果从句有表示过去的具体时间状语，谓语动词发生的动作虽在主句的谓语动词的动作之前，仍用一般过去时。如：
Johntold us hismotherdiedin 1967.
如果从句表示的是不受时间限制的真理或事实，即使主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句仍用一般现在时。如：
The teacher told the students water boils at 100C.
She said twice two is four.