2020年军队职称英语考试《综合类》概括大意专项小测第四套

来源：长理培训发布时间：2020-05-19 14:20:18

　　Geology and Health

　　The importance of particular metals in the human diet has been realized within the past few decades， and the idea that geology might be related to health has been recognized for a number of elements such as iodine， zinc and selenium. For example， soils with low iodine contents produce crops， and animals deficient in iodine. A lack of iodine in the human diet leads to some serious diseases.

　　The ultimate source of metals within the human body is rocks， which weather into soil， gaining or losing some of their chemical constituents. The crops we eat selectively rem

　　ove from the soil the elements that they require for growth. The water we drink contains trace elements leached from rock and soil. Thus the geology and geochemistry of the environments have effects on the chemistry and health of plants， animals and people.

　　So far there is no data to suggest that people living on metal-rich soils experience a potential health hazard. The levels of metals within naturally contaminated soils are generally not high enough to cause serious health problems. Living on metal-rich soils does not represent a health risk unless large quantities of soil are digested or metal-rich dust is inhaled. However， small children are particularly exposed to metal-rich topsoil in playgrounds and gardens. They are also the most likely ones to eat potentially dangerous metal-rich soil.

　　Heavy metals are persistent; they do not break down to other chemicals in the environment. Industrially polluted sites usually undergo intensive clean-up and rehabilitation because heavy metals are a health concern once they enter the food chain. Some trace metals are alleged to cause cancer and are also known to cause poisoning.

　　In contrast， naturally contaminated soils have not been subject to risk assessment studies and rehabilitation measures， despite the fact that they frequently possess metal concentrations well above those of such polluted by humans and above environmental quality criteria.

　　There is a vital need to understand the potential risks and long-term health effects of living on naturally contaminated soils. Future environmental investigations of naturally polluted soils should concentrate on the potential pathways of metals into the food chain and human body. Geologists should be part of such studies as they can provide the essential background information on rock and soil chemistry as well as the chemical forms of heavy metal pollution.

　　A. No evidence to indicate bad effects of naturally contaminated soil

　　B. Potential hazards of human contaminated soils

　　C. Research on channels of heavy metals getting into human food chain

　　D. Geology and health problems

　　E. Rocks-the ultimate source of soil pollution

　　F. Long- term helth effects on children

　　1. Paragraph 1

　　2. Paragraph 3

　　3. Paragraph 4

　　4. Paragraph 6

　　A. industrially polluted soils

　　B. rock and soil chemistry

　　C. naturally polluted soils

　　D. the pathways of metals into the food chain

　　E. the element of iodine

　　F. the persistence of heavy metals

　　5. Some serious diseases is connected with deficiency of ……

　　6. It is extremely necessary to study the long-term effects caused by living on ……

　　7. Geologists are indispensable in the research project on geology and health due to their knowledge on……

　　8. Industrially contaminated sites usually require a thorough clean-up due to ……

　　Key： DABCECBF

　　The Open University in Britain

　　1 In 1963 the leader of the Labour Party made a speech explaining plans for a “ university of the air”-an educational system which would make use of television， radio and correspondence courses. Many people laughed at the idea， but it became part of the Labour Party s programme to give educational opportunity to those people who， for one reason or another， had not had a chance to receive further education.

　　2 By 1969 plans were well advanced and by August 1970 the Open University， as it is now called， had received 400，000 applications. Only 25，000 could be accepted for the four “foundation” courses offered： social sciences， arts， science and mathematics. Unsuccessful candidates were told to apply again the following year， when a foundation course in technology would also be offered.

　　3 The first teaching programmes appeared on the air and screen in January 1971， with clerks， farm workers， housewives， teachers， policemen and many others as students. Correspondence units had been carefully prepared and science students were given devices for a small home laboratory. Study centers have been set up all over the country so that students can attend once a week， and once a year they will spend a week at one of the university s summer schools.

　　4 It has been nearly 30 years since the Open University started to offer courses. Now it is a very important part of the British educational system. Not only does it offer foundation courses like those mentioned above， it also carries out very advanced scientific researches， some of which lead to Master s or PH.D Degrees. Many other countries have started similar educational programmes following the successful example of the Open University in Britain.

　　1. Paragraph 2_____________.

　　2. Paragraph 3_____________.

　　3. Paragraph 4_____________.

　　A Progress since its founding

　　B Special facilities of the university

　　C Enrollment in the early days

　　D Teaching staff of the university

　　4. In Britain， besides taking academic courses on TV and on radio， people can also_____________.

　　5. The Labour Party was the first party in Britain that_____________.

　　6. In 1971， the Open University started to_________

　　7. When the Open University first started， there were more applicants_____________.

　　A put forward the idea of founding the Open University