2020年军队职称英语卫生类A级概括大意模拟练习(6)

　　1　To describe a baby’s growth, the old saying “one thing leads to another” should really read，“one thing leads to an explosion.”1 The perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up allow appreciation of visual space. The evolution of increasingly efficient reaching also lets the baby appreciate and participate in his three-dimensional world.

　　2　You may notice that your baby can grab toys with either hand. This is partly because the baby has learned to grasp an object even if it touches his hand lightly or his eyes are averted. By the end of the fourth month, he can probably alternate hands to grab the toys or transfer a toy from one hand to the other. He may even wave it briskly, then transfer it and repeat the waving, shuttling it back and forth between hands. In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby may be becoming aware that he can do the same thing with each arm and that each hand is distinct from the other. This awareness is important to his receiving information about space. The baby also begins to see himself act when he repeatedly reaches for and grasps things. He starts to distinguish himself from the outer world.

　　3　If you would like another sign of this growth process, try one of Gesell’s measures of mental growth, the behavior of a baby before a mirror. According to Gesell, a baby will smile at his image at around twenty weeks of age. Hold your baby up to a mirror and watch him examine the faces there.2 He will probably attend most to his own image and perhaps smile at it. As his image returns the smile, he may become active and vocalize. He may also look back and forth between your image and you as if the duplication puzzles him. A baby who knows his mother’s face cannot understand two of them. Calling softly to your baby, as he looks at your confusing double, complicates matters even further.3 His turning back to the real you shows that a baby four months old is likely to have the ability of preference in discrimination.4

　　4　An early attachment to one object —a toy or a stuffed animal —is another index of discrimination, as well as self-development, for the baby’s interests are going beyond himself.5 Most babies do not prefer one toy this early6, but some will. After exploring each toy, your baby may start reaching and playing with one special one. In the months to come, the toy or anything else the baby identifies with himself by wearing or carrying may become a "lovely". A "lovely" will be slept with, chewed, hugged, loved, and "talked to". These "lovelies" give the baby a way of coping with the necessary separations from the mother.7 A friendly and familiar toy bear may just make him easier on himself. Rather than feeling threatened, a mother should be flattered by her baby’s extension of affection elsewhere. A baby with the heart to find a "lovey" is showing early mental resourcefulness and flexibility.

　　练习：

　　1.Paragraph l _________.

　　2.Paragraph 2 _________.

　　3.Paragraph 3 _________.

　　4.Paragraph 4 _________.

　　A　Gesell's Measure of the Baby's Mental Growth

　　B　Growth of the Baby Through Playing with Toys

　　C　The Baby's Confusion in Front of a Mirror

　　D　Significance of Each Stage of Development in a Baby's Life

　　E　The Baby's Love for "Lovelies" Indicates Early Mental Resourcefulness and Flexibility

　　F　The Functions of a "Lovey"

　　5.The baby’s ability to sense the visual space owes to _________.

　　6.In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby is able to _________.

　　7.A　baby will smile at his image at _________.

　　8.The baby’s extension of affection should make the mother _________.

　　A　around twenty weeks of age

　　B　feel flattered

　　C　tell one hand from the other

　　D　the perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up

　　E　has preference among his toys

　　F　explore his toys

　　答案与题解：

　　1.D　第一段指出在婴儿的生长过程中，一个发展可以引起一系列更为重要的发展。因此应选择D。

　　2.B　第二段描写了婴儿玩玩具的一些动作，进而指出这些动作对婴儿发展的重要性。所以应选择B。

　　3.A　第三段阐述如何使用Gesell的方法借用镜子测量婴儿的智力发展。所以应选择A。

　　4.E　第四段指出有了钟爱的玩具证明婴儿有了对外界的适应性。所以应选择E。

　　5.D　第一段中指出，婴儿视觉的完善和将头抬起的能力使其能够欣赏周围的世界。因此应选择D。

　　6.C　第二段阐明，通过用一只手模仿另一只手的动作，婴儿逐渐认识到一只手与另一只手的区别。因此应选择C。

　　7.A　第三段在阐述Gesell测量婴儿智力发展的方法时提到，婴儿可在20周左右对自己的形象微笑。所以应选择A。

　　8.B　第四段指出孩子喜好的延伸是婴儿适应性发展的证明。因此，母亲不应感到有任何不安，而应感到骄傲。所以应选择B。

　　Optimists Really Do Live Longer, Say Scientists

　　1. For the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong, banal and corrupting, while the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Frend simply declared it to be neurotic.

　　2. Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health. In other words optimists live longer.

　　3. That was the conclusion reached by experts at the Mayo Clinic in the U. S. State of Minnesota who evaluated answers given by people to a set of questions in the 1960s. Of the 729 candidates, 200 had died and according to scientists, there were a disproportionate number of pessimists among them.

　　4. Ten points more on the pessimism scale—that was the difference between “slightly pessimistic” and “averagely pessimistic” — were enough to boost a person’s chances of dying by 19 percent, according to the study by prominent psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania.

　　5. The study does not say why pessimists die but an older survey taken among children in San Francisco and Los Angeles makes it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the longevity equation.

　　6. The latest evidence to support the theory that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided by Professor Ralf Schwarzer of Berlin's Free University who questioned 600 heart and lung patients. His conclusion: Optimists recover more swiftly from operations than their pessimistic counterparts; tend to be happier after treatment and return to work more swiftly.

　　7. There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health. Numerous surveys have taken into account a person's state of health at the outset and the effect remains the same.

　　8. Studies have shown that optimists do not blind themselves to reality either. They thus interpret it in a positive way. “Sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light.” said Californian psychology professor Shelley Taylor.

　　9. German science journal “Bild der Wissenschaft”, which carries a major article on the topic in its current March issue, commented on “the right attitude” to having a tumor.

　　10. It seems psychotherapy can go some way towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely.

　　11. Doctors like, however, to point to the example of U. S. cycling professional Lance Armstrong, who was seriously ill with cancer, but whose unshakable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling's premier Tour de France.

　　12. The magazine also quoted a study by Sheldon Cohens of the Carnegie-Mellon-University in Pittsburgh:420 volunteers were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses. A day later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold.

　　13. The results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory, long-term relations with friends neighbors or colleagues, the virus was less likely to trigger a cold. Of people with three or fewer firm relationships 62 percent became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close human links.

　　练习：

　　1. Paragraph 2 ______________

　　2. Paragraph 6 ______________

　　3. Paragraph 7 ______________

　　4. Paragraph 8 ______________

　　A. Quicker recovery from illness

　　B. A longer life

　　C. From good health to optimism

　　D. A positive way of understanding reality

　　E. Optimism and pessimism

　　F. Optimists with illusions

　　5. Some scholars did not believe ______________.

　　6. How long one can live partly depends on ______________.

　　7. An optimist does not necessarily try ______________.

　　8. An experiment showed that optimists were ______________.

　　A. to avoid unpleasant things in life

　　B. in looking on the bright side of life

　　C. less likely to catch cold

　　D. how one looks on life

　　E. to be unhappy all the time

　　F. more likely to get cancer

　　答案与题解：

　　1.B　本段点出了本文的中心思想：乐观者往往活得更长。

　　2.A　本段说明乐观者病好得快。

　　3.C　本段侧重强调良好的健康状况对保持乐观的作用。

　　4.D　本段肯定了乐观者对待现实的态度，选项F的口吻是否定的，所以应选选项D。

　　5.B　答案的根据在第一段：叔本华和弗洛伊德都不赞成乐观态度。

　　6.D　此选项与全文中心思想吻合。

　　7.A　答案的根据是第八段的第一句话：乐观不等于无视现实;关键是如何看待现实。

　　8.C　答案的根据是文章的结尾部分描述的一项实验。