2020年军队职称英语《卫生类》备考补全短文练习1

　　Ludwig van Beethoven,a major composer of the nineteenth century,overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness.

　　Born in Bonn,Germany,in 1770,be first studied music with the court organist,Gilles van der Eeden. His father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking. When his mother died,Beethoven,____(1)____,was named guardian of his two younger brothers. Appointed deputy court organist to Christian Gottlob Neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782,Beethoven also played the harpsichord and the viola. In 1792 he was sent to Vienna by his patron,Count Ferdinand Waldstein,to study music under Haydn.

　　Beethoven remained unmarried. Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons,____(2)____. Continually plagued by ill health,he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819.

　　In spited of this handicap,____(3)____. He completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth:three piano sonata,four string quartets,the Missa Solemnis,and the 9th Symphony. He died in 1827. His life was marked ____(4)____.

　　Noting that Beethoven often flew into fits of rage,Goethe once said of him,"I am astonished by his talent,but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality." Although Beethoven's personality ____(5)____,his music shows great discipline and control,and this is how we remember him best.

　　A.however,he continued to write music

　　B.he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life

　　C.by a passionate dedication to independence

　　D.then a young man

　　E.may have been untamed

　　F.his music has been loved over the past centuries

　　KEYS:DBACE

　　Supermarket is a type of retailing institution that has a moderately broad product assortment spanning groceries and some nonfood lines,that ordinarily emphasizes price in either an offensive or defensive way.As a method,supermarket retailing features several related product lines,a high degree of self-service,largely centralized checkout,and competitive prices.The supermarket approach to retailing is used to sell various kinds of merchandise,____(1)____.

　　The term supermarket usually refers to an institution in the grocery retailing field.Most supermarkets emphasize price.Some use price offensively by featuring low prices in order to attract customers.Other supermarkets use price more defensively by relying on leader pricing to avoid a price disadvantage.Since supermarkets typically have very thin gross margins,they need high levels of inventory turnover to achieve satisfactory returns on invested capital.

　　Supermarkets originates in the early 1930s.They were established by independents ____(2)____.Supermarkets were an immediate success,and the innovation was soon adopted by chain stores.In recent decades supermarkets have added various nonfood lines to provide customers with one-stop shopping convenience and to improve overall gross margins.

　　Today stores using the supermarket method of retailing are dominant in grocery retailing.However,different names are used to distinguish these institutions ____(3)____

　　A superstore is a larger version of the supermarket.It offers more grocery and nonfood items ____(4)____.Many supermarket chains are emphasizing superstores in their new construction.

　　Combination stores are usually even larger than superstore.They,too,offer more groceries and nonfoods than a supermarket but also most product lines found in a large drugstore.Some combination stores are joint ventures between supermarkets and drug chains such as Kroger and Sav-on.

　　For many years the supermarket has been under attack from numerous competitors.For example,a grocery shopper can choose among not only many brands of supermarkets but also various types of institutions (warehouse stores,gourmet shops,meat and fish markets,and convenience stores)。 Supermarkets have reacted to competitive pressures ____(5)____： Some cut costs and stressed low prices by offering more private brands and generic products and few customer services.Others expanded their store size and assortments by adding more nonfood lines (especially products found in drugstores),groceries attuned to a particular market area (foods that appeal to a specific ethnic group,for example),and various service departments (including video rentals,restaurants,delicatessens,financial institutions,and pharmacies)。

　　A.by size and assortment

　　B.than a conventional supermarket does

　　C.including building materials,office products,and,of course,groceries

　　D.attracting more customers with their low prices

　　E.primarily in either of two ways

　　F.to compete with grocery chains

　　KEYS：CFABE