2020年军队职称英语《综合类》语法介绍：不定式

　　相关背景知识介绍:

　　非谓语动词结构可以简单地分为：不定式(to + V)、动名词、分词-ing和分词-ed式。不同类型的非谓语动词在句中起着不同的语法功能，而且它们也存在着语态和时态的变化。非谓语动词结构在书面语中用的很多，如：A Thirsty World (2002年综合B/C级阅读理解考试题)

　　In addition to stopping wasting precious water, one useful step we should take is to develop ways of reusing it. Experiments have already been done in this field, but only on a small scale.

　　Today, in most large cities, water is used only once and it eventually returns to the sea (不是不定式结构)or runs into underground storage tanks. But it is possible to pipe water用管子输送 that has been used to a purifying使纯净 plant (不是不定式结构).

　　precious -- valuable 珍贵的

　　小节：

　　1. 非谓语结构一定是由于前面结构的需要而出现;

　　2. 不定式结构的构成是： to + v.;动名词结构的构成是： v.ing

　　3. 介词和及物动词的后面需要出现名词或动名词结构; 系动词后面可以跟表示动作发生在将来的不定式结构。

　　对于不定式结构具有名词的性质这个特点， 建议大家可以记住这个句子： To err is human. 人非圣人孰能无过。

　　l 动词不定式:

　　Ⅰ.动词不定式的形式

　　1.动词不定式是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独作谓语，如to have, to work等。不定式符号“to”不是介词，无词义。不定式有一般、完成、进行等几种常用的形式，也有主动和被支语态的区别。以study为例：

	主动	被动
一般式	to study	to be studied
进行式	to be studying
完成式	to have studied	to have been studied

　　2.不定式结构中的动词仍然保持动词的特征，可带宾语或状语，构成不定式短语。如：

　　to do shopping

　　to help them in their work

　　to come back

　　to live in

　　a house to live in

　　a colleague to work with

　　3.不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not, never等，如：

　　They told me not/never to open the window.

　　4.不定式有时可直接与疑问词连用，如what, when, where, which, whom, why, whether, how等。如：

　　He didn’t know whether to wait or go home.

　　He wanted to know how to handle such a problem.

　　I am wondering which to choose.

　　He asked when to leave for home.

　　(handle –deal with处理)

　　接下来我们以2005年综合/理工/卫生类考题中均出现了的一篇文章saving money /节约钱 为例, 来看在这篇文章中不定式结构是怎样出现的, 这些不定式结构在它们所在句子中起的 语法功能:

　　From saving money

　　If you are saving to buy a CD(光盘) or go to a concert, then probably…

　　(probably – possibly –likely大概，有可能)

　　One place to save money is the bank. 定语

　　Interest is the amount of money a bank pays you to use your money.

　　Another way you can save money is to buy a certificate of deposit or CD.

　　If you have some money you don’t need to use for a long time, this is a good way to make your money now.

　　You agree not to use the money for a certain period of time.

　　(use –utilize利用)

　　(certain –some 某个)

　　小节:

　　不定式结构能够在句子中充当多种语法结构, 不定式结构语法功能的确定需要参照其前面的结构来确定. 如: 跟在行为动词后面的不定式结构, 常常是充当状语结构; 跟在名词的后面作该名词的定语;跟在及物动词及介词的后面充当它们的宾语。

　　Ⅱ不定式或不定式短语的用法：

　　不定式在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。

　　1.作主语

　　不定式或不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。如：

　　To serve the people well is our duty.

　　To get there on foot will take several hours.

　　动词不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，用引导词it作形式主语。上述两句也可改为：

　　It is our duty to serve the people well.

　　It will take several hours to get there on foot.

　　(take – need需要(多少时间等))

　　类似这样不定式做主语的句型:

　　It is + n.+ to do

　　It atakes sb.+ some time + to do

　　It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do

　　It is +adj.+ of sb.+ to do

　　It is our duty to help them.

　　It will take you quite a long time to finish it.

　　(finish -- fulfill完成)

　　It is easy for us to answer this question.

　　It is kind of you to help me

　　(help –aid 帮助)

　　2.作表语

　　在系动词如be, seem, appear， feel， sound等之后，如：

　　Your main task now is to improve the quality of the products.

　　你们现在的主要任务是改进产品的质量。

　　(improve – remedy 改进)

　　He appears to have caught a cold.

　　(catch – have – get (a cold) 感冒)

　　有时be + 动词不定式表示应当、打算、计划做什么的意思。试比较：

　　Peter is to arrive at seven this morning.

　　彼特打算在今天早上七时抵达。

　　(arrive at –reach –get to 抵达)

　　Our plan is to finish the job at the end of next month.

　　我们的计划是在下月末干完这个活。(不定式短语作表语。“is”是“是”的意思)

　　提示：

　　当句子谓语部分结构是“be + 动词不定式”时，如果主语与不定式结构中的动词之间存在明显的主谓关系，同时句子中通常会出现明显的表示将来时间的时间状语结构, 则“be + 动词不定式”是用于表达“打算、计划”做的事情，;否则， “be + 动词不定式”的结构就是“主语 + 系动词 + 表语的结构”。

　　I am to take an interview tomorrow.

　　My intention is just to help you. “is”是“是”的意思

　　(intention –purpose 目的)

　　3.作宾语

　　有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语，如：agree, begin, decide, desire, determine, expect, forget, hope, learn, like, love, mean, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, try, stop, want等。

　　(begin –start 开始)

　　(determine – decide – make up one’s mind 决定)

　　(plan – intend 打算)

　　(refuse – reject 拒绝)

　　(try – attempt 试图)

　　(stop – cease -- end终止)

　　They begin to write their papers.

　　We have learnt to operate the computer.

　　如果不定式作宾语而又跟有宾语补足语时，要用“it”作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语(即不定式)放到补足语后面去。如：

　　We found it impossible to finish the work in such a short time.

　　我们觉得不可能在这么短的时间完成这项工作。

　　I consider it necessary to collect sufficient data for our research.

　　我认为收集充分的资料对我们的研究工作是必要的。

　　注意：forget, remember, stop这几个词后面既可以跟不定式结构也可以跟动名词结构，但结构含义差别较大：

　　forget to do../忘记要做。。

　　forget doing/忘记做过。。

　　remember to do../记住要做。。

　　remember doing../记住做过。。

　　stop to do../停下来去做。。

　　stop doing…/停止做。。

　　同时：want, need 这两个动词也是既可以跟不定式结构也可以跟动名词结构，但跟动名词结构时，是用“主动”表示“被动”。

　　The house wants/needs painting. 房子需要油漆了

　　4.作定语

　　用来修饰名词，位于被修饰名词的后面。如：

　　Promises to meet deadlines and appointment are taken very seriously.

　　在规定日期前完成任务和按时赴约的承诺都是慎重对待的。

　　(meet –satisfy 满足)

　　This is the best way to solve the problem.

　　这是解决这个问题的最好办法。

　　There are a lot of sheets to mend.

　　有许多床单要修补。

　　注：

　　①常用不定式作定语的名词有：ability, agreement, attempt, chance, claim, decision, determination, failure, freedom, hope, need, opportunity, plan, promise, refusal, way等;此外，序数词the first, second以及last, only, best等也常用不定式作定语，如：

　　Galileo was the first person to see mountains on the moon and sunspots on the sun.

　　伽里略是看到月球上山脉和太阳黑子的第一人。

　　He was the only one to realize the danger.

　　他是唯一意识到危险的人。

　　(ability – capability – capacity 能力 )

　　(chance – opportunity 机会)

　　(hope – wish 希望)

　　(way – method 方法)

　　②用不定式作定语时，它与它修饰的词有时是动宾关系(如上述第三个例句中的mend和sheets)，如果不定式是不及物动词，其后面应跟必要的介词。如：

　　Mary needs a friend to play with.

　　玛丽需要有一个与她一起玩的朋友。

　　There is nothing to worry about.

　　没有什么值得发愁的。

　　5.作状语

　　通常表示目的、结果、原因等。如：

　　I have come to see you. 我来看你。(目的)

　　In 1972 she left home never to return. 1972年她离开家再没有回来。(结果)

　　I am sorry to hear that. 我听了很难过。(原因)

　　注：

　　①不定式作目的状语，可以在句首，也可以在句末。有时为了强调可用so as to…(以便，为了)或in order to …(为了…目的)。

　　Let’s hurry so as to catch the last bus.

　　快点走以赶上末班公共汽车。

　　All living things must eat in order to stay alive.

　　一切生物为了生存都必须饮食。

　　(stay –remain 保持)

　　②不定式作结果状语可用so (such) … as to (这样(的)…以至)，too…to(太…以至不能)，enough to (足够，足以)等引出。如：

　　The rain was so heavy as to make our picnic impossible.

　　雨下得那么大，使得我们野餐不可能了。

　　(impossible – unlikely 不可能的)

　　This man is too lazy to succeed in business.

　　这人太懒，事业上不能获得成功。

　　③“be+形容词+不定式”的结构中，不定式部分常看作是状语，这些形容词通常有：able, afraid, anxious, determined, eager, free, glad, pleased, ready, sorry, sure, willing等。

　　(afraid – fearful 害怕的, 担心的)

　　(anxious – worried 忧虑的，担心的)

　　(eager – keen 渴望的)

　　(glad –happy – pleased 高兴的)

　　(sure – certain 确实的, (对…)有信心)

　　6.作补足语

　　有宾语补足语和主语补足语两种。

　　1)作宾语补足语

　　有一些及物动词除跟宾语外，还需要有一个成分作逻辑上的补充说明，使得宾语的状态或行为或特征等的意思完整。这个成分称为补足语。由于说明宾语，因此称宾语补足语。不定式可作宾语补足语。如：

　　Many parents allow their children to make their own decisions.

　　许多家长允许他们的孩子自己拿主意。

　　(allow – permit 允许)

　　The trainer made the elephant dance before audience.

　　训兽中使大象在观众前跳舞。

　　注：

　　① 通常要求带to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：advise, allow, ask, cause, consider, expect, find, imagine, know, tell, think, want, wish等

　　(advise – persuade 劝说 )

　　(think – suppose 想 )

　　② 要求不带“to”的不定式作宾语补足语的动词(一般为表示“感觉”或“使役”的动词)有：feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, see, watch, listen to, look at

　　③ help后面的作宾语补足语的不定式带“to”或不带“to”都可以。

　　help Mary wash her clothes

　　help Mary to wash her clothes

　　2)作主语补足语

　　带有宾语补足语的谓语动词变为被动语态时，宾语成了主语，宾语补足语也就相应地成为主语补足语。当动词不定式用作主语补足语时，一律要用带“to”的形式。如：

　　Their children are allowed to make their own decisions.

　　允许他们的孩子自己拿主意。

　　The elephant was made to dance before audience.

　　使大象在观众前跳舞。

　　不定式结构在英语文章中使用频率较高, 如下面的这段文字中(4个句子), 不定式结构出现了5次, 请大家确认这些不定式结构在句子中的语法功能.

　　(1)So far there is no data to suggest that people living on metal-rich soils experience a potential health hazard. (2) They are also the most likely ones to eat potentially dangerous metal-rich soil. (3) Some trace metals are alleged to cause cancer and also known to cause poisoning中毒. (4) There is a vital need to understand the potential risks and long-term health effects of living on naturally contaminated soils.

　　提示: 相邻语句往往围绕同一中心发展, 在词语上常常表现为: 相邻语句中出现呼应的词语.

　　分析：第1，2，4句中不定式是作定语;第3句的不定式是作主补;

　　(hazard –danger 危险)

　　(hazardous – dangerous危险的)

　　(contaminate -- pollute污染)

　　Ⅲ不定式的逻辑主语

　　如要表明不定式或不定式的动作发出者(即逻辑主语，就要在不定式前用for+名词(或代词的宾格)。如：

　　Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?

　　这条道路是否宽得足以使两辆车通过?

　　(wide – broad 宽阔的，辽阔的)

　　The conference is too important for you to miss.

　　这会议太重要了，你不能错过。

　　(conference – meeting 讨论会，协商会;会议)

　　(important –essential 重要的)

　　*Ⅳ不定式的完成式和进行式的用法 (仅仅需要稍微了解即可)

　　1.完成式表示的动作发生在句子谓语表示的动作之前。如：

　　I’m sorry not to have come on Thursday.

　　星期四那天我没有来，很抱歉。

　　The earth is said to have been part of the sun.

　　据说地球过去曾经是太阳的一部分。

　　2.进行式一般表示正在进行中的动作，强调与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如：

　　I noticed that he seemed to be smoking a lot.

　　我注意到他似乎烟抽得太多。

　　I happened to be lying in bed when she came in.

　　她进来时，我碰巧正躺在床上。

　　小结：

　　1) 不定式可做除谓语以外的任何其他成分----主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、状语、定语：不定式本身也有时态和语态的问题。每个不定式都有其逻辑主语，如果逻辑主语是动作的发出者，不定式用主动式，如果其逻辑主语是动作的承受者，不定式用被动式。

　　如：The doctor recommended him to clean the room. 医生建议他打扫房间。

　　如：The doctor recommended the room to be cleaned. 医生建议打扫房间。

　　2) 不定式的符号to 在一些特殊情况下经常被省略。

　　A) 当几个动词不定式具有同样的功能时，to 只用在第一个动词不定式之前。

　　B) 在以why 引导的疑问句中不用to

　　e.g. He asked why (to) stay here.

　　C) 在had better, would rather, rather than, would sooner(宁愿), can not but(不得不), cannot help but, do nothing but(只能)等结构后不用to

　　D) 在hear, listen to, feel, see, look at, watch, notice, let, make, have, leave, help等动词后，动词不定式做宾语补足语时不用to

　　如：2003年综合B/A级完成句子考题：Keeping Cut Flowers

　　30. Another important way to prolong the life of cut flowers is ____.

　　A. by keeping its original shape and color

　　B. in the life of the cut flower

　　C. to produce carbon dioxide

　　D. for as long as possible

　　E. by controlling temperature

　　F. to replace the water and solution every day

　　文章相关句子：Another vital factor in keeping cut flowers is the quality of the water…

　　……………. The water and solution should also be replaced each day.

　　如：2002年理工类阅读理解第1篇文章Mobile Phones中的第一个问题：

　　According to Robert Bell, if mobile phones prove to be dangerous to people's health,(系动词+ 表语)

　　A. they should be banned immediately.

　　B. the use of them should be restricted.

　　C. all transmitter to towers should be torn down.

　　D. a warning label should be attached.

　　解答：问题问“如果手机被证明对人的健康有害，那么。。”，文章中第1段的最后一句：If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised. 该句的不定式结构表述的语义与问题句中条件句(带不定式结构的谓语)的含义一致，所以判断该句是答案相关句，并根据句意选择答案D。

　　卫生类C级阅读理解文章中也有考题直接涉及到不定式结构:

　　If you draw your money before it is due, you will have to ___.

　　A. pay interest to the bank

　　B. close your account

　　C. open a new account

　　D. pay a penalty or fee

　　D. 分析: have to 是“不得不/必须”， to是不定式符号。问题句是说“如果在你在你的前的前到期之前取钱，你将不得不…”。借助我们的相关背景知识可以对这道题进行直接判断：D(支付违约罚金或手续费)合适。

　　职称英语考试基础词汇重点解析十

　　职称英语核心词汇推荐:

　　(B级)bold adj. 大胆的;勇敢的;n. 粗体，黑体;

　　bomb n. (与 the连用)炸弹，原子弹或核弹v.轰炸;

　　bone n. 骨;骨头;

　　book n. 书，书籍 v. 登记，预订，控告(booking office/售票处);

　　boom n. 繁荣，隆隆声v. 发隆隆声，迅速增长;

　　boost v.增加;提高;n.增加;提高(boost prices/提高价格);

　　border n. 边界，边 v. 与……接壤，接近(on the border of/在……的边界上;将要; on the borders/在边界上，接近交界处;

　　boring adj. 令人厌烦的;单调沉闷的;

　　born adj. 天生的，天生就……的(be born to (parents)/出生在父母是……的家庭中; be born in (family)/ 出生在……的家庭中);

　　borrow v. 借，借入;

　　boss n. 老板;

　　both adj. 两者, 双方的 pron. 双方, 两者(both...and.../不但……而且……;既……又……); bother v. 烦扰，打扰n. 麻烦, 麻烦事;讨厌的人(bother (oneself) about/为……而操心;为……而费事);

　　bottom n. 底，底部(Bottoms up!/干杯);

　　(A级)bound adj. 正要启程的;开往……去的，被束缚的(be bound to do sth. / 下决心……; 被迫做……;一定会……; be bound for…/准备去往…);

　　boy n. 男孩，儿子;

　　boyfriend n. 男朋友;

　　brain n. 脑;智慧(have sth. on the brain/全神贯注在某事上);

　　branch n. 枝，分枝;分部，分店，(学科)分科，部门;支流;

　　brand n. 商标，牌子;

　　brave adj. 勇敢的;

　　bread n. 面包;生计(earn one’s bread/维持生活);

　　break n. 休息，破裂v. 打破;违犯(break away/逃走，逃脱; break down/破坏; (机器)损坏;破裂;break into/闯入;强行进入;打断;break out/突然发生; break through/突破);

　　(A级)breakdown n. 崩溃，故障(a breakdown in communication/通信故障);

　　breakfast n. 早餐;

　　(B级)breast n. 胸;胸脯, 乳房

　　breath n. 呼吸;气味(hold one’s breath/屏息; at a breath/一口气);

　　breathe v. 呼吸;

　　bridge n. 桥，桥牌(play bridge/打桥牌);

　　brief adj. 简短的，短暂的(in brief/简单地说;简明扼要的);

　　briefly adv. 暂时地，简要地;

　　相关词汇题分析:

　　(变形于CET-4, 1999,6)

　　1. I’m sorry to have bothered you with so many questions on such an occasion.

　　A. interfered B. offended C. impressed D. troubled

　　D. 分析: trouble – bother 使不便, 打搅

　　interfere with .. /妨碍，打扰

　　offend sb. with …/用…冒犯/侮辱某人

　　impress sb. with …/…给某人留下了深刻的印象

　　trouble/bother sb. with sth. 使某人因为…而烦恼/费神

　　(变形于CET-6, 1990, 6)

　　2. Children are bound to have some accidents as they grow up.

　　A. obvious B. indispensable C. certain D. doubtless

　　C. 分析: bound –certain 必然/必定〔后接不定式〕

　　obvious – apparent – clear – evident 明白的，明显的

　　indispensable – necessary不可缺少的，必需的

　　doubtless 无疑地，必定， 无疑的

　　练习：

　　1. Choose the best answer to the following questions./给下列问题选择最佳答案。

　　1.Are there anymore items that need _______?

　　A. to consider B. to be considered

　　C. to have considered D. to be considering

　　2 Is the sports meeting _____ this week or next week?

　　A. will be held B. to be holding

　　C. to have held D. to be held

　　3.Can freedom ____ exist in a society without some form of law and order?

　　A. choosing B. choose

　　C. to choose D. to be chosen

　　4.Haven’t you anything ____?

　　A. to open the bottle with B. to be opened the bottle

　　C. opens the bottle with D. to be opening the bottle

　　5.He is looking for a place ___.

　　A. to live B. to be living

　　C. to have lived D. to live in

　　2. Try to translate the following sentences into Chinese:/把下列句子翻译成中文

　　选自职称英语考试用书

　　(From Computers)

　　1. The information either reached managers too late or was too expensive to be used.

　　2. Even a neighborhood shopkeeper may now use computers to control sales, billing, and other activities.

　　3. Such an understanding is not difficult to achieve.

　　(from Kitchen Design)

　　4. This is why it is important to consider adding a water filter system.

　　5.Because cabinets are a big investment, it is best to choose quality.

　　(from Common Problems Common Solutions)

　　6. There will always be some who want to build walls, who want to separate people from people, and up to a point, even these may serve society. The anti-smoking wall-builders have, to give them their due, helped to make us all more keenly aware of choice.

　　3. Choose the best answers:

　　综合类完型填空题B/C级

　　Public and Private Schools in the United States

　　Religious and private schools receive little or no support from public taxes in the United States, and, as a result, are usually somewhat expensive to __1__. The largest group of religious schools in America is run by the Roman Catholic Church. While religious schools tend to be __2__ expensive than private schools, there are usually some fees.

　　When there is free education available to all children in the United States, why do people spend money on private schools? American offer a great variety of reasons for doing so, including the desire of some parents to __3__ their children to schools where classes tend to be smaller, or where religious instruction is included as part of the educational program, or because, in their opinion, the public schools in their area are not of high enough quality to meet their needs.

　　1. A) go B) attend C)take part in D) enroll

　　2. A) less B) more C) rather D) much

　　3. A) bring B) bringing C) send D) sending

　　4. Reading Comprehension