2020年军队职称英语《综合类》语法介绍：定语从句

　　各种从句的构成和意义---定语从句与英语中的其他定语结构

　　相关背景知识介绍：

　　在英语中能充当定语的“角色”很多，如：不定式结构，介词结构，动名词，分词(现在分词/过去分词)，名词，形容词/复合形容词和定语从句。但这些结构在作定语时位置却未必都在所修饰词的前面，如：(选自C级难度的文章The White House)

　　On the next其次的floor, there are three rooms named after the colors(过去分词短语作定语) that are used in them(定语从句): the Red Room, the Blue Room, and the Green Room. The walls are covered with silk cloth. There are many pieces of old furniture, from the time when the White House was first built(定语从句).

　　(be named after…: 以…而命名)

　　l 定语从句(Attributive Clause)

　　在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后。

　　引导定语从句的词有两类：

　　1、 关系代词：which, that, who, whom, whose

　　2、 关系副词：when, where, why

　　Ⅰ关系代词引出定语从句

　　which, that代替事或物，在从句中做主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)。Who, that代替人，在从句中who做主语，whom作宾语(可省略)。Whose代替人或物，在从句中做定语。如：

　　1. The road which (that)leads to the small town has been widened.

　　通往小镇的那条路已经加宽了。(which或that 在从句中做主语)

　　(lead to (道路等)通往)

　　2. I want the book that(which) you borrowed from the library.

　　我想要你从图书馆借的那本书。(that或which在从句中作宾语)

　　3. Students who (that)study hard are usually successful.

　　学习努力的学生往往获得成就。(who或that在从句中做主语)

　　4. The man whom( that )you are talking to is the dean大学的)院长，系主任of our department.

　　与你交谈的那个人是我们的系主任。(whom, that 在从句中作宾语)

　　(talk to sb. : 对某人说话)

　　5. There have been only a few scientists whose work has changed man’s total view of the world.

　　只有少数几位科学家的工作成果改变了人类整个对宇宙的看法。(whose指人，whose所在的结构在从句中做主语)

　　提示:whose 引导定语从句，且whose所在的结构在从句中充当主语时, 可以按照句子的结构顺序进行翻译(whose 翻译成 “的”)：

　　e.g. a river whose banks are covered with trees 河的两岸由树覆盖者/ 河的两岸种植有树木。

　　比较：

　　6. The building whose roof we can see from here is the United Nations Headquarters.

　　从我们这里能看见屋顶的那座楼是联合国总部。(whose指物，whose所在的结构在从句中做宾语)

　　小节：

　　1. 关系代词which, who, whom, that如果在从句中作宾语，可以省略;

　　2. 关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词一致，如上面的第(1)、(3)句。第(1)句 (The road which (that)leads to the small town has been widened.) 中先行词road是第三人称单数，所以从句谓语动词用leads; 第(3)句 (Students who (that)study hard are usually successful.) 中先行词students是第三人称复数，所以从句中谓语动词用study.

　　3. 在用whom引出的定语从句中，如前面不带介词，可用who代替whom, 如上面第(4)句。

　　4. 关系代词that和which在指物时，一般没什么区别，但在下列情况下一般用that;

　　A.先行词为all, everything, nothing, anything, little等不定代词时。如：

　　e.g. All (that)she lacked was training. 她唯一缺乏的就是锻炼。

　　e.g. Everything(that)we saw at the exhibition was of great interest.

　　我们展览会上看到的一切都很吸引人。

　　B、先行词为序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。如：

　　e.g. The first things(that)you have to do is to register.

　　你必须要做的第一件事是注册登记。

　　e.g. This is the most exciting football game (that) I have ever seen.

　　这是我看到最激动人心的足球比赛。

　　Ⅱ关系副词引出的定语从句

　　关系副词when指时间、where指地点，why指原因，她们引出的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词如day, time, place, building, reason等。这些关系副词在从句中均做状语。例如：

　　e.g. In the days when black and white TV sets were so widely used, no one realized how soon color TV sets would replace them. 在黑白电视机如此广泛使用的日子里，没有人意识到彩电会那么快取代它。

　　e.g. How fast are we running now我们现在跑的速度怎么样? (多快)

　　e.g. How often do you go there 你多久去那里一次? (多久一次)

　　e.g. Ask him how he does it.问问他是怎样做的。

　　e.g. He does not know how to swim. 他不知道怎样游泳。

　　e.g. Air conditioning is very important in some industries where special conditions must be kept. 空气调节设备在一些需要保持特殊环境的工业部门十分重要。

　　e.g. Do you know the reason why things don’t fall off the earth?

　　你知道物体为什么不掉离地球的原因吗?

　　(fall off：下降，离开)

　　Ⅲ介词+which(whom)引出的定语从句

　　这种定语从句在修饰人时，介词后只用whom,修饰物时只用which,而不用that.例如：

　　e.g. The man with whom I share the room is a young teacher fresh from college.

　　与我同屋的人是一位刚从大学毕业的青年教师。

　　(fresh from school 刚由学校毕业)

　　e.g. This is the shelf on which I keep my books.这是我放书的架子。

　　e.g. The famous economist of whom we have often heard will come to give us a lecture next Friday.

　　我们常听说的那位经济学家下周五将给我们讲课。

　　(hear of: 听说 )

　　(give a lecture: 讲课，讲演 )

　　(attend a lecture 听报告;上课)

　　注：

　　当介词位于从句句末时，作为介词宾语的which和whom则仍可改用that,也可省略，如上面最后两句可改为;

　　This is the shelf (which或that)I keep my books on.

　　The famous economist(whom或that)we have often heard of will come to give us a lecture next Friday.

　　ⅠV.限制性(restrictive)定语从句和非限制性(non-restrictive)定语从句根据其与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性和非限制性定语从句。

　　1、 限制性定语从句

　　限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，如去掉从句，句子的意思就不完整，不明确。从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，一般先译定从句，再译先行词，译成“…的…”.

　　2.非限制性定语从句

　　非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散,从句只对先行词附加说明,没有该从句句子的意思仍然完整。 主句与从句之间常用逗号隔开，翻译时一般分译成两个句子。所用关系代词与限制性定语从句基本相同，但that一般不用于非限制性定语从句。 如：

　　e.g. Mary has written several popular novels, one of which has been translated into ten foreign languages. 玛丽写了几本畅销小说, 其中的一本已经被翻译成十种外语. (which 指代several popular novels)

　　e.g.The professor introduced me to his students, most of whom were from abroad.

　　教授向我介绍了他的学生，其中大多数是来自国外。(whom指代his students)

　　e.g. They rowed across the Atlantic, which had never been done before.

　　他们划船横渡大西洋，这是史无前例的创举。(which指代前面整个句子的内容)

　　注：

　　非限制性定语从句除可修饰主句中的词外，有时还可修饰整个主句，这时所用的关系代词which代替的是整个主句或主句的一部分。从句中谓语动词用第三人称单数。如上面(3)个例句，which代替They rowed across the Atlantic整个主句。

　　各种从句的构成和意义---定语从句与英语中的其他定语结构

　　练习：

　　难度：A/B级

　　In the Global Economy

　　Most nations today -- regardless of their degree of economic development or their political philosophies – recognize the importance of marketing. Indeed, economic growth in developing nations depends greatly on the ability to design effective marketing systems for their raw materials and industrial output.

　　Today, a global marketplace is emerging(形成). In many (perhaps most) national markets, companies of numerous countries compete aggressively(激烈地).

　　Consider the U.S. market for example. Until the late 1970s, the United States provided a large domestic market for American firms, and there was no significant(重大的) foreign competition in most industries in that market. But the picture changed dramatically(显著地) through the 1980s as foreign firms improved their products and their marketing expertise, and then successfully entered the American market. Many imported products have achieved large sales --- office equipment, autos, apparels(衣服), watches, semiconductors, and consumer electronics for example. As a result the United States has been running large annual trade deficits(赤字), meaning that imports greatly exceed exports.

　　In the early 1980s, the competition facing U.S. firms came primarily from Japanese companies. Later, companies in the four " Asian tigers " added to competitive pressures. In the 1990s, continuing competition from these Pacific Rim (边缘)countries and regions will be augmented(扩张) by a new challenge from Western Europe. Starting in 1992, the 12-nation European community will eliminate(消除)internal trade barriers and adopt uniform technical, financial, and marketing standards. A more integrated(完整的) European Community will open major marketing opportunities for internationally -- minded U.S. firms, but at the same time, it is expected to stiffen(使变猛烈) competition.

　　More and more American firms -- many large ones and even some rather small ones -- are moving into foreign markets. Many companies are concluding that achieving profit and growth objectives is most likely through a combination of domestic and international marketing rather than sole reliance on domestic marketing.

　　注：带有下划线的结构是我们挑出的带有定语的结构。

　　1.不定式结构

　　上文中用不定式作定语的结构是：

　　the ability to design effective marketing systems for their raw materials and industrial output.

　　提示：不定式作定语要放在所修饰的词的后面; 如果不定式结构中的动词和所修饰的名词是动宾关系时要注意不定式结构的主动和被动的选择;如果不定式结构使用的动词是不及物动词时往往需要在该动词后加上介词。

　　e.g. I have a book to read.

　　Comp: I have a book to be read.

　　Comp: The silk feels very soft.

　　e.g. She needs a friend to play with.

　　e.g. I want a pen to write with.

　　2.介词结构

　　上文中用介词短语作定语的结构是：

　　their degree of economic development

　　the importance of marketing

　　economic growth in developing nations

　　companies of numerous countries

　　continuing competition from these Pacific Rim (边缘)countries and regions

　　a new challenge from Western Europe

　　注意：介词结构做定语只能位于被修饰词的后面;

　　e.g. I want the book on the desk.

　　e.g. Can you see the girl in front of the shop?

　　3.动名词

　　上文中没有用动名词作定语的结构。

　　注意：动名词作定语的结构相当于介词结构for。

　　e.g. I have had our washing machined examined. (machine for washing)

　　e.g. We just returned from the reading room. (room for reading)

　　4.分词(现在分词/过去分词)

　　上文中用分词作定语的结构是：

　　Many imported products;

　　A more integrated(完整的) European Community;

　　the competition facing U.S. firms;

　　continuing competition from these Pacific Rim (边缘)countries and regions

　　internationally -- minded U.S. firms

　　注意：分词作定语可放在被修饰的名词的前面或后面; 单个现在分词作定语时，放在被修饰的词的前面;单个过去分词作定语时，放在被修饰的词前，但有时为了强调，也可以放在被修饰的词的后面。

　　注意：分词短语作定语时，一般总是放在它所修饰的词之后

　　e.g. The man leaning against the window is his youngest son.

　　e.g. The computer made in our factory has been used to sell tickets to concerts.

　　5.名词

　　上文中用名词作定语的结构是：

　　marketing expertise

　　office equipment;

　　consumer electronics;

　　trade barriers

　　marketing opportunities;

　　growth objectives

　　the U.S. market

　　trade deficit

　　注意：名词修饰名词时起修饰作用的名词只能用作单数。

　　e.g. Woman workers should be equally treated as male workers.

　　注意：有些名词是以复数的形式作修饰语的。

　　e.g. The customs procedure is not as difficult as you imagined.

　　e.g. Goods examination is necessary for the safety of us customers.

　　注意：注意辨别形容词作修饰语和名词作修饰语的可能词义差别。

　　e.g. He is an efficiency expert.

　　comp: He is an efficient expert.

　　6.形容词/复合形容词结构

　　上文中用形容词作定语的结构是：

　　Most nations;

　　economic development;

　　political philosophies;

　　economic growth;

　　large annual trade deficits

　　上文中用复合形容词作定语的结构是：

　　the 12-nation European community;

　　internationally -- minded U.S. firms

　　形容词作定语时要注意1。所修饰的名词的可数/不可数的性质;2。习惯搭配;

　　e.g. He paid much attention to the work unfinished.

　　e.g. Through news media have we got most/much information we need.

　　e.g. China is known for a large population.

　　e.g. We met a heavy traffic just now.

　　e.g. To him we owned a large/huge debt.

　　e.g. He earned large sums of money.

　　职称英语核心词汇推荐:

　　century n. 世纪，百年(the turn of centuries/世纪之交);

　　certain adj. 肯定的，必然的(be certain of/确信，深信;be certain to do必然做。。;一定做。。);(certain – sure肯定的)(certain – bound必然的)

　　chain n. 链(条)，一连串，一系列;

　　chair n. 椅子(take a chair/入座，就座， take the chair/做主席;主持会议)v. 主持;

　　chairman n. 主席，会长(chairman of the board [of directors]/董事长);

　　challenge n. 挑战v. 向……挑战;

　　chance n. 机会;可能性(a chance to do sth. /做……的机会;by chance/偶然，意外地;give sb. a chance/给某人一次机会);(chance – opportunity机会)

　　change n. 改变;找回的零钱 v. 改变 (change into/变为;for a change/为了改变一下;small change/零钱);(change – convert改变)

　　channel n. 海峡;水道;频道;

　　characteristic adj. 特有的;典型的 n. 特性(be characteristic of.../所独有的特征，有……的特色);

　　charge n.电荷;费用;掌管;充电v.控诉;收费(in charge of/负责;in the charge of sb. /由某人负责;charge sb. with (a crime)/控告某人。。罪);

　　charming adj. 迷人的;(charming – attractive – pretty – beautiful迷人的)

　　cheap adj. 便宜的，不值钱的;

　　cheat n. 欺骗;骗子v. 欺骗(cheat sb. into/哄骗某人……);

　　check n. 阻止，制止;支票v. 检查;制止;核对(blank check /空白支票; check in/登记;报到;draw a check/开一张支票);

　　(B)cheerful adj. 快乐的;高兴的;(cheerful – joyful – happy – glad - merry快乐的)

　　chemical adj. 化学的 n. [常pl. ] 化学制品;化学药品;

　　chemistry n. 化学;

　　chief adj. 主要的;首要的;首席的;

　　child n. 孩子;儿女 (pl. )children;

　　(B)childish adj. 孩子气的，幼稚的;

　　China n. 中国;

　　china n. 陶瓷;陶器(a piece of china/一件瓷器;a set of china/一套瓷器);

　　Chinese adj. 中国的;中国人的;中国话的 n. 中国人;中文(Chinese calendar/农历); choice n. 选择，抉择;

　　choose v. 选择，选定(choose sth. from/among sth. /从……中挑选)(choose –select选择)

　　Christmas n. 圣诞节 (Christmas Eve/圣诞节前夕，平安夜);

　　chronic adj. 慢性的，持续很长的(a chronic disease/慢性病);

　　cigarette n. 香烟，纸烟;

　　cinema n. 电影院;电影 (go to cinema/看电影去);

　　circle n. 圆周;循环v. 围;环绕;盘旋(in a circle/呈圆形);