直接引语和间接引语 John said , “ I ‘m going to London with my father .”
John said that he was going to London with his father .
一般疑问句变成以if (whether ) 引导的宾语从句
He said , “Have you all understood this passage ?”
He asked the class if they had all understood that passage .
祈使句变为动词不定式, 作ask , tell 等动词的宾语补足语。表示命令时常用 tell , order 等;表示请求时常用ask , beg 等动词,原句中的don‘t 应变为 not .
The manager said to the clerk , “Be polite to all the clients .”
The manager told the clerk to be polite to all the clients .
如主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时,间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来时态
He says , “ I am very busy reading the book .”
He says that he is very busy reading the book .
如主句谓语动词为过去时,间接引语中的动词应发生如下变化:
一般现在时―――一般过去时
现在进行时―――过去进行时
一般将来时―――过去将来时
现在完成时―――过去完成时
一般过去时―――过去完成时过去完成时不变
直接引语转换成间接引语时,代词一般相应变化如下:
this ―― thatlast week ? the week before
therse ? thosethree days ago ? three days before
now ? then tomorrow ? the next day
today ? that day next week ? the (next ) following week
this week ? that week here ―― there
yesterday ? the day before come ? go
介词 at 表示确切的时间点或较短暂的一段时间 at two o‘clock
in 表示一天中的各部分时间或较长的时间 in the morning , in spring , in 1967
on表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午或下午 on Sunday , on Monday afternoon
durning 表示一段时间 ,强调时间的延续 durning the Summer vacation
at one time 过去有段时间、从前
at the same time 同时
on time 按时
below 表示低于 , 温度低于多少度
above 表示高于 , 温度高于多少度
几个形容词修饰一个名词的时候,排列顺序如下:
好坏、美丑等 + 大小、新旧、颜色 + 质地、属性 + 名词
和前缀a- 组成的形容词只能做表语而不能做定语, afraid , alive , alike ,alone , ashamed , asleep , awake etc.
非谓语动词 forget to do something 忘了而没有做某事
forget doing something 忘了已做过某事
remember to do something 记住了要去做某事
remember doing something 记得已经做过的事情
stop to do something 停下正做的事情去做别的事情
stop doing something 停下手中正在做的事
go on to do something 接下来做另一件事情
go on doing something 继续做一直在做的事情
动词need , want , require 和形容词 worth 后,可接动名词的主动形式来表示被动的意义
现在分词的被动式与及物动词的过去分词都表示被动:
前者表示被修饰的名词正在承受的行为 The problem being discussed is important
后者表示承受过了的行为 The problem discussed yesterday was important .
情态动词 must + have + 过去分词,表示对过去的某事做出肯定性的判断;
must + 动词原形 ,表示对现在的某事作出肯定性的判断。
Need not + have +过去分词 表示过去做了本没有必要做的事情
主谓一致 (语法一致、意义一致、就近)
谓语动词用单数:
不定式、动名词或名词性结构从句作主语时;
事件、国名、机构名称、作品名称作主语时;
one , every , everyone , everybody , each , one of , many a , either , neither , no one , nobody , anybody ,some body 做主语或修饰主语时;
表示时间、距离、金钱、体积、数字等词语作主语表示总量时;
a person of , a series of , a kind of 等表示一个、一种、一系列等词组用来修饰主语时;
集体名次作主语表示一个整体概念时。
谓语动词用复数
both , few , many , several 等词语作主语或修饰主语时;(some 不一定)
形容词前加定冠词用于泛指一类时;
cattle , people , police , clothes 等名词作主语时;
由and 连接两个主语时;
a number of 修饰主语时。
第三讲 定语从句 I. 定义:定语是修饰名词或代词的成分,定语可由单词、短语来充当。当用一个句子来充当名词或代词的修饰语时,这种起定语作用的句子就被称为定语从句。
They have a clever son.
Do you know the man over there?
I know the man who wrote the book.
II. 要点: 1.定语从句的前面都有先行词(被修饰语)
This is the boy whom we are looking for
2.定语从句应紧跟在先行词之后
3.先行词与定语从句之间要有关系词(有时可省略)
4.关系词在定语从句中充当某一成分
The girl who is standing under the tree is my sister.
The man whom you want to see has come.
III. 关系词基本用法
主格
宾格
所有格
人
who
whom
whose
物
which
which
of which
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