2020年成考升专本英语定语从句复习指导

Lesson twelve：定语从句（一）

第一部分：语法讲解

在句中起定语作用，修饰某一个名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句，叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句通常在先行词之后，由关系词引导。关系词既起到联系主句和从句的作用，又代替先行词在从句中担任一定的语法成分。
如：I don’t like the people who are lazy.(people先行词，who关系词在从句中作主语)
关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词。
引导定语从句的关系代词有：
先行词指人：who, whom
先行词指物：which
先行词指人或物均可：that, whose
引导定语从句的关系副词有：
when, where, why

1. 先行词指人，用关系代词who,whom
who在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语，但是who之前不可用介词
He’s a teacher.
He has lived here for two years.
现在我们把这两句话合成一句话：
He’s a teacher who has lived here for two years.( 关系词who在定语从句中充当语法成分，并且指代先行词的内容)
现在我们把下面这个句子拆开：
The lady who is standing behind the counter served me.
The lady served me.
The lady is standing behind the counter.
如：The girl who plays the piano very well is his daughter.那位钢琴弹得很好的小姑娘是他的女儿。（who 作从句主语）
    He is no longer the man who he used to be.他不再是以前那样的人了。（who在从句中作表语）
She’s the lady who I met yesterday.( who在从句中作动词met的宾语)
I like the people who I work with.我很喜欢和我一起工作的人。（who作介词with的宾语）
whom在定语从句中不能做主语，但可以作宾语。
如：I like the people with whom I work. （whom作介词的宾语）
Where is the student whom Professor Su praised at the meeting？苏教授在会上表扬的那个学生在哪里？（作动词宾语）
注：关系代词在介词后面，作介词宾语的时候，只能用whom指人。

2．表示人或物的所有关系，用whose
我们用whose表示所有关系，whose后面接名词，whose可以指人也可以指物。
如：
合并下列两句话：
He’s a writer.
His books sell good.
He’s a writer whose books sell good.(whose指的是the writer’s，源于名词所有格或者代词所有格即：物主代词的形式) 
It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.(指物，a meeting)
先行词是物体。定语从句表达“ 。。。的“也可以用the +n + of  which 的结构。如：上面这句话还可以说成：(知识的源头of所有格)
It was a meeting the importance of which I didn’t realize at the time. 
2. 先行词指物，用关系代词which
同学们先把下面这两句话合并成一句话：
The book is interesting.
I bought it yesterday.
The book which I bought yesterday is interesting.(关系词 which 就是指代的书，在定语从句中作bought 的宾语，所以原句中买的宾语it 要去掉)
我们来做拆句练习：
如：The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（which替代的物，作从句的主语）
The building is a supermarket.
The building stands near the train station.( which指代的内容还原)

The computer which I wanted to buy was sold out.我想买的那种计算机卖完了。（which替代的物，作从句的宾语）
She was fond of dancing, which her brother never was.她喜爱跳舞，她弟弟不喜爱.( which替代的物，作从句的表语)
注：当关系代词接跟介词，作介词宾语，只能用which指物。
如：This is the house in which we lived last year.这就是我们去年住的房子。（which作介词in的宾语，不可以用that替换）

4．that可以指人，也可以指代物
that可以指人，也可以指代物,不能用在非限定性定语从句中，也不能用在介词后面。
如：The man that is speaking at the meeting is a famous scientist.会上讲话的那个人是一位著名的科学家。（that指代人，作从句的主语）
   Is this the photo that you took last summer? 这是你去年夏天照的相片吗？（that指代物，作从句的宾语）
在下面几种情况下，必须用that引导定语从句：
1） 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, everything, anything等
如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？ 
再如：2001年第33小题：
All that is needed is a continuous supply of fuel. 
2） 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词，形容词最高级
如：This is the best movie that I have ever seen.这是我看到过的最好的一部电影。
3） 先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little等修饰时
如：I have read all the books that you gave me.我读了你给我的所有的书。
4） 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时